Assess the Strengths and Weaknesses of Weimar Germany

Assess the strengths and weaknesses of Weimar Germany between 1919 and 1932 IB fib HL 28. 12. 2011 Plan intromission * Historical background of Weimar re everyday * Thesis statement (Draw comparisons between strengths and weaknesses, assess their importance and conclude which was the most(prenominal) important) Body * Compare/Contrast * Attempt at democracy certificationed internation all toldy vs. German abuse of Treaty of Versailles * Revolution started by the people vs. Right-wing tendencies of elect(ip) and army * Strong political parties already in place vs.Weaknesses of proportional representation * Strengths of responsible use of bind 48 vs. Dangers of misuse of name 48 Conclusion * Give short summary of all * Which was the most important? * none, all as important * Refer back to thesis statement ___________________________________________________________________________ Essay In late 1918, early 1919, Germany was face with the great fate to become a democratic stat e stemming from a tyrannical monarchy under the Kaiser. utter monarchy had been overthrown by a revolution by the people and now the organization was about to turn into a democracy.This democracy, later to be known as the Weimar Republic, was faced with perils on all sides in many situations, overcoming them by virtue of its strengths and lasting until 1932 when the exploitation of its weaknesses ended its reign as a democracy, turning it back into a tyranny under a single man. This essay will assess the strengths and weaknesses of Weimar Germany, draw comparisons between them and stipulate which was the most important in its rise, flourish and eventual fall. The Weimar Republic was the first attempt at true, primitive democracy in Germany.Throughout its history, Germany had solitary(prenominal) been led by autocratic rule, from the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (the First Reich), through the divided monarchy (Prussia, Austria, Bavaria as independent kingdoms), till th e Bismarck Era (the befriend Reich). When the idea of revolution and democracy, a disposal for and by the people, spread through Germany and the Kaiser abdicated in the wake of the German Revolution of 1918, other democratic governments like the USA and the UK saw it as a great flavour in the right and wanted to support it.France, as the third internationally prominent democracy, was non so optimistic towards the idea of a strong German state even if democratic. Had the US and the UK been unrelenting in their support for the German democratic government, Weimar Germany may have lasted longer than it did. As it was, while the international support from prominent powers boosted the Weimar Republics carreling internationally and brought it some support in Germany, the allies caution in this matter and hence their harsh treatment of Germany in the Treaty of Versailles in fact contributed more to the downfall of Germany than its first success.In fact, the Weimar Republic was seen, and still today is seen, as having been born from the Treaty of Versailles. This fact make the democratic system super unpopular in the eyes of the German people as the Treaty was seen as a diktat by the allies against Germany and the political leading of Germany that signed the Treaty, i. e. the political forefathers of Weimar Germany, were regarded as criminals by some Germans. This inherent crime was a severe weakness of the Weimar Republic and was one of the major factors responsible for its downfall.The German Revolution of 1918 was orchestrated, kill and accredited to the people of Germany. Its importance in the rise of the Weimar Republic clearly signalises that the new democratic government had the full backing of the working class which, at this time, made up the majority of the voting public in Germany. This fundamental backing from the majority of German voters meant that a democratic system could function and this initial support from the people was one of the major strengths of the Republic.A nation, however, does not exist without an elite and the elite in Weimar Germany were exceedingly discontent with then change in political system. The elite in Germany in 1919 were a group that had profited well under a monarchy and many of their income systems would be destroyed under a democratic government that would put the common man before them. In between the bourgeoisie, high-standing army officers saw the political leaders of Weimar Germany as criminals for signing the Treaty of Versailles which effectively destroyed German military power.This distrust and hate from the elite towards Weimar Germany was a fundamental weakness as it led to the political intrigue in later historic period when figures like Schleicher and von Pappen manipulated the system to their needs, leading to the downfall of Weimar Germany. Had at that place not been such distrust and hate, Weimar Germany may never have fallen, portraying it as a grave weakness of the syste m. When the Revolution came and the Republic was declared in Germany, there were clear political parties that formed.This was a significant strength of the Weimar Republic as there was not much time needed to form political parties with clear goals as these had already been formed in the Reichstag of the Second Reich. This decisive democratic action enabled the new government to form quickly and immediately show a face of democracy with the elections soon after. These elections, however, revealed the weakness of the newly introduced system of proportional representation as the Reichstag was over-run with representatives from countless parties that all needed a seat.This system severely slowed down all decisions in the Reichstag and so frustrated the public. This was hence a major weakness as it compromised the decision-making ability of the German government and made the public lose hope in the system. This weakness overly directly contributed to the downfall of the Weimar Republic as the publics displeasure at the ineffectiveness of the system made them look towards a stronger leader like Hitler for order.In the Weimar Constitution, Article 48 enabled the President to assume dictatorial power in times of emergency to protect the Republic. employ responsibly, this phrase was an effective if morally questionable mechanism to prevent coups and keep the democratic government in power in Weimar Germany. This was done under President Ebert in the early times of the Republic as the Spartacist Uprising, the Kapp Putsch and the Socialist takeover of Bavaria threatened democracys power. The article could, however, also be misused with grave consequences.As the only thing stopping the President from dictatorial rule under Article 48 was the Reichstag and the President could displace the Reichstag, there was really nothing stopping the President from dictatorship except his own abstemiousness. Said self-restraint was apparently not present in President Hindenburg as he blatantly abused article 48 in his time eventually leading up to the fall of the Weimar Republic, showing that this article was also a great weakness of the Weimar Republic.From above, we have seen the many weaknesses and strengths of the Weimar Republic and how each played their little usage in the rise, prospering and the fall of Weimar Germany. The remaining question would now be, so which was the most important? To this there can be no answer. Each of these factors contributed their own little part to the Weimar Republic and its fall. Had they not all been, the Republic may have fallen directly after its conception, or might still stand today, we cannot know.There is no telling what would have happened had one weakness been completely replaced by a strength or vice versa. The facts remain that each contributed their part to the face of modern history today. Bibliography Benz, Wolgang. A Concise History of the Third Reich, translated by Thomas Dunlap. London, England Univers ity of California Press, Ltd. , 2006. John Hite, Chris Hinton. Weimar & Nazi Germany. London, UK Hachette Livre, 2000.

Authoritarian Parents

disdainful P arnting The fix on Children. By Matthew J. Miller, Psy. D. Baumrinds Pargonnting Styles P arnting Types 1. Authoritarian 2. Authoritative 3. Permissive 4. Neglectful In the early 1960s, psychologist Diana Baumrind conducted experiments with call forths. These experiments were knowing to identify and understand how parents differ in their reactions to their kidren. As a firmness of the Baumrind study as headspring as further research, four main styles of parenting were delineated. They are Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive, and Neglectful.Each style has its own characteristics as well as effects on pip-squeakrens development. This article will discuss the impact on tikeren of peremptory parenting. Authoritarian Parenting For Authoritarian parents, rules are often more(prenominal) important than relationship. Authoritarian parents fix m both rules and they enforce them. They need and demand adherence to high standards. Having high standards for the beha vior of children is non necessarily a bad thing. However, the management they go ab come in achieving these high standards hurts the relationship between the parent and child.The magisterial parent often fails to exempt the reasoning for the rules. In fact, they do not engage in much conversation with their children regarding the rules. When children ask, why? the response is, Because I said so. Not only does lordly parenting impact the current relationship between parent and child, but this eccentric person of parenting can have long-term effects on the emotional development of the child even into adulthood. In admittance, the impact of this style of parenting can as well as be felt in the childs relationship with idol.The Current Relationship There is a strong element of fear that pervades an authoritarian household. Much akin an authoritarian government, in that respect is compliance with rules, but the compliance is typically not out of love. Children in an authorit arian home comply out of fear. Fear of punishment and fear of the withholding of pith drives these children to comply. In addition to fear, the child does not feel loved and accepted by their parents. Children are penalise for even minor infractions. Often, these punishments do not fit the crime and are overly punitive.Even worse, the punishments often result in relationship consequences which include a withholding of love and affection from the parents to the child. As a result, the child begins to learn that they are loved and accepted for what they do, rather than for who they are. fast one, a high-school basketball player I met, had this subject of relationship with his father. His father would come to all of his games to see him play. While a parents aim at a childs games should be a source of encouragement, for John it was not. If John had a good 2Current Relationship Consequences 1. Fear 2. Lack of love and betrothal 3. Lost opportunities for guidance game, his father w as like a Chatty Kathy doll on the way home. You could not shut him up. On the other hand, if Johns game did not go as well, there was absolute silence. His father would not give tongue to to him. John learned quickly that there were conditions placed on him to received love. He was loved if he performed. He was not love if he did not perform. Children raised by authoritarian parents often are compliant with parental rules.Authoritarian parents point to this compliance as evidence that their style of parenting is working. However, as with many things in life, there is an opportunity cost to decisions we make. Growing up is difficult, especially in this day and age. There are many times that a child will need help and guidance as they grow. When we look to guidance, we tend to seek it from relationships where we feel loved and accepted. Since children of authoritarian homes do not welcome love and acceptance from their parents, they will seek talk over from someone outside the ho me, or they may seek no counsel at all.While the authoritarian parent may be a good person who has much erudition to offer, when it comes to the major issues of life, the children do not seek their counsel. Relationship with God Often our go through of God, who Jesus taught us to call Father, is similar to our catch of our earthly father. Since our earthly father is visible to us We project our and God is not, we project our image of our earthly father onto our image of our earthly heavenly Father. When children grow up with demanding authoritarian parents, they often begin to see God the same way.While father onto our they may be obedient to God, this devotion is out of fear of heavenly Father. punishment rather than a response to acceptance. Real change in our lives comes when we feel accepted, not when we fear punishment. As a result, children who grow up with authoritarian parents often have a negative view of God. As was stated above regarding their earthly parents, childr en who hold an authoritarian view of God will likely not seek to build a deep relationship with Him. We do not seek relationship with those whom we fear. Instead, like Adam and Eve, they will seek to hide from God. Future DevelopmentIn addition to the impact authoritarian parenting has on the current relationship with their parents and their relationship with God, children who grow up in this type of home often experience long-term emotional consequences. These children often have poor social skills, broken self-esteem, irritability and higher rates of depression and anxiety. In addition, although they may go forward compliant, they can develop an overall mistrust of authority. There are many reasons why these issues may develop in children with authoritarian parents. In an authoritarian home, compliance is expected, while independence is discouraged.Because they are taught to follow rules rather than take initiative, they are more capable of following instructions than becoming leaders. They are taught what to think rather than how to think. As a result, these children remain dependent emotionally into adulthood, sometimes even living in the parental home long after what would be considered emotionally healthy. This lack of independence, both emotional and physical, can result in low self-esteem. 3 Children growing up in an authoritarian home, like growing up under an authoritarian regime, experience a loss of control over their own lives.When we come to believe that no matter what we do, we cannot make believe actual control Future Consequences of our own life, eventually a sense of helplessness ensues. This learned helplessness is a major component in the development of 1. Poor social skills depression. This sense of powerlessness does not leave us when we leave the authoritarian parent. Instead, this becomes a deeply 2. Low self-esteem entrenched view of ourselves that can take years to overcome and can impact all future relationships including marit al and parenting relationships. 3.Anger on with a loss of control, children who grow up with 4. Depression authoritarian parents often experience anger at how they are being treated. However, their anger is not typically allowed to be 5. Anxiety expressed. Often the expression of any form of anger in an authoritarian home results in punishment. Where does the anger go? There are typically two ways that anger gets expressed. The first is in either active or supine rebellion against the parent, or, in the future, toward any form of authority. The second way that anger gets expressed is that the child turns the anger inward toward themselves.This internalization of anger also leads to depression. One reason why in the United States there is less violence against the government than in other countries is that our countrys laws encourage and protect license of speech. When people feel that their thoughts and feelings have an outlet, they are less prone to resort to violence. When peop le are not free to express themselves, they will tend toward helplessness or rebellion. Finally, children who are raised by authoritarian parents often experience increased anxiety.Because wrong decisions result in harsh punishments, they develop what Freud would describe as an overactive superego. The superego, according to Freud, is the moral branch of personality. It develops to guide us to make right decisions and to avoid punishments. For Christians, the superego includes the dedicated Spirit. However, the Holy Spirit is not our only guide to determine the rightness or wrongness of our actions. The superego also includes the internalized values of the important people and structures (like the law) of our lives.As the number of rules increase, so does the superego. Anxiety is both an internal and external manifestation of the struggle to avoid real or perceived punishment. For those with an enlarged superego, the superego acts like the boulder chasing Indiana Jones chasing us through our lives. In upcoming articles, the three other parenting styles will be discussed along with their impact on children. All Rights Reserved (2010). The Center for Christian Counseling & Relationship Development, L. L. C. Pavilions at Greentree, Ste. 303, 12000 Lincoln Dr. W. , Marlton, NJ 08053. (856) 396-0111. 4

Antitrypsin Deficiency

Alpha- l -Antitrypsin (AAT), is a chemical synthesized in the liver and circulating throughout via telephone circuitstream. Also known as Alpha- l -Proteinase Inhibitor (A1 -PI), it is a member of the serpin or the serine protease inhibitor family. Its physiological target is elastase.A normal individual inherits 2 AAT genes one from each parent. Nevertheless, when individuals inherit two abnormal AAT genes they tend to show symptoms of alpha-1 deficiency. Some people inherit only one abnormal gene and they are called alpha-1 carriers. Alpha-1 is therefore purely a genetically inherited condition.According to the American thoracic Society (2006), take chances of major health problems in a person with one abnormal gene or a carrier may be lower as compared to a person with two abnormal genes (American Thoracic Society, 2006). WHO (2008) categorizes Alpha- l -Antitrypsin Deficiency (Alpha-1) as a genetic ail that can cause liver and lung infirmity in adults and children. Alpha-1 -antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is associated with 85%-90% reduction in serum concentrations of AAT. This causes increased risk for liver and lung ailments such as cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and emphysema (Stoller, 2005 Primhak and Tanner, 2001).In normal and healthy individuals, the primary role of AAT is to defend the connective create from raw stuff of lung against equipment failure by a degradative enzyme called neutrophil elastase. In AAT deficient individuals, lack of AAT allows neutrophil elastase to destroy the connective tissue in the lungs (Stoller, 2005) and apart, in affected individuals, deficiency of blood levels below a level called protective brink value makes them vulnerable to emphysema. This conditional may usually occur in prime of life, i. e. by board 40 even though there is absence of added risk factors such as cigarette smoke (Stoller, 1998).Polymerization of a mutant AAT protein in the liver cells, along with abnormal accumulation of AAT in the l iver ends in hepatocellular injury (Primhak and Tanner, 2001). It is believed that this abnormal accumulation of AAT within the liver cells is mainly due to a structural abnormality of the AAT protein. Normally, it is secreted from the hepatocyte and circulates through bloodstream, but in abnormal conditions it accumulates within liver cells leading to deficiency of AAT in the blood (Brantly et al. , 1988).The mutant AAT molecules are usually well-kept in the endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocyte and are also hepatotoxic . Teckman et al. (1996) reveals that these retained AAT appear to be periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive, diastase-resistant eosinophilic inclusions in the periportal hepatocytes. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency disorder occurs also in newborns. simple symptoms in newborns are jaundice, swelling of the abdomen, and poor feeding. In late childhood or adulthood Alpha-1 disorder can be detected by symptoms such as poor appetite, fatigue, swelling of the abdomen and legs or abnormal liver tests.

Pediatric Nursing Shortage Essay

The cab atomic number 18t of pediatric Nurses (SPN) has been instrumental in advocating for high flavor, culturally sensitive, and comprehensive solicitude for children and families. The health complaint needs of pediatric patients present fantastic challenges due to different developmental stages, limited communication skills, and differences in epidemiology and approaches to treatment as compared to adults. Nurse staffing is a focus of major concern because of the impact of staffing patterns on patient strongty and character reference of disquiet. The advent of managed care, shortened hospital stays, and worldly concern reporting of quality measures demand that healthcare organizations objectively touch on and assess the quality of care delivered to children and families. Registered Nurses are the primary caregivers within the healthcare setting and are the prerequisite link in assisting patients and families with navigating and humanizing a highly technical and i mpersonal healthcare system. An organizations loading to high quality pediatric care is dependent upon appropriate staffing takes with adequately prepared draws and the implementation of collaborative, evidence-based arrange (Schwalenstocker, Bisarya, Lau, & Adebimpe, 2007).In 2007, members of the Public Policy Committee developed the Safe Staffing spot Statement. This document outlined recommendations for safe and effective care for care for children and their families. The position carryment was recently updated and is intended to serve as the material to assist organizations providing care to children in the implementation of evidenced based staffing plans to promote high-quality care. It is imperative that schools of nursing, healthcare institutions and pediatric nurses utilize this document as a resource to envision that appropriate educational activity, training, resources and effective staffing plans are provided to ensure the provision of safe, quality, customer fo cused care to pediatric patients and their families.Problem StatementFollowing a congressional request in 1993 for the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to study the adequacy of nurse staffing in hospitals and nursing homes, a 1996 IOM report recognized the importance of determining the appropriate nurse-patient ratios and distribution of skills to ensure patients pick up quality care. A September 1999 IOM report first called the publics attention to the problem of increase patient unwholesomeness and mortality related to errors occurring within healthcare delivery systems. Since that time there has been a growing tenseness on patient safety, process improvement and the potential effects of adequate staffing.Rationale and Supporting breedingResearch has continued to show the association between nursing staffing and amend patient outcomes (Aiken, et al, 2010 Kane, et al, 2007 Needleman, et al, 2006 Stanton, 2004 American cheek of Nurse Executives, 2003 Aiken, et al, 2002). In 2007 th e tike Health Corporation of America is association with the National Association of tikerens Hospitals and Related Institutions (NACHRI) and Medical Management Planning/BENCHmarking Effort for Networking Childrens Hospitals found increased nurse staffing was associated with improved patient/family experience with care and a reduced incidence of adverse outcomes. NACHRI also reported that The junction Commission found staffing levels had been a critical factor in 20 percent of sentinel events occurring everyplace a ten year period from 19952005 (Schwalenstocker, Bisarya, Lau & Adebimpe, 2007). Stratton (2008) found a reduction in the rate of pediatric central line blood stream infections with an increase in nursing staffing hours.Research conducted by Mark, Harless and Berman (2007) showed a statistically significant reduction in postoperative cardiopulmonary complications, pneumonia and infections in the pediatric population with increased RN staffing. In addition, nurse staffi ng levels have also been found to be a critical determinative of nurse job satisfaction (American Organization of Nurse Executives, 2003). During the 108th Session of Congress (2003-2004), The Registered Nurse Safe Staffing transaction was first introduced. The intent of the act is to hold hospitals accountable for the implementation of valid and reliable nurse staffing plans, victorious into consideration each hospital units unique needs and strengths. The Registered Nurse Safe Staffing bear was reintroduced in the 110th Congress (2007-2008) and further refined and reintroduced on June 15, 2010 under S.3491/H.R.5527 during the 111th Congress (American Nurses Association, 2010).The Society of Pediatric Nurses (SPN) believes the following additional factors are of critical importance regarding safe staffing for pediatric patients There are unique challenges with caring for children. These challenges include o Infants and young children are dependent upon adult caregivers and requ ire closer supervision. o Many children have not yet acquired the communication skills to warn clinicians about a potential misplay or verbalize possible adverse effects about their care. Medication administration is much more(prenominal) complex since weight based dosing is needed o for most medications (Kaushal, et al, 2001). The raciness and intensity of nursing resources required to care for children have been growing steadily (Monsen & Finley, 2007 NACHRI, 2003).Of the 14.1 million children in the US living in beggary, 1 in 10 lack health care coverage (Childrens Defense Fund, 2010). Childhood poverty contributes to deficits in primary and preventative health care and results in increased healthcare issues and higher avidness for these children (Childrens Defense Fund, 2002). Pediatric nurses practice in many settings including hospitals, schools, homes, clinics, long term care facilities, and public health centers. The multitude of settings and the wide range of resource s acquirable in each setting greatly adjoin the type and number of nursing staff required to care for any given patient population. The level of experience of nursing staff, unit layout, and level of ancillary support must be considered when establishing the staffing needs and appointee plan for any given unit (Institute of Medicine, 2010 American Nurses Association, 2007).Society of Pediatric Nurses Position/RecommendationsSPN believes that all children and their families should receive safe, high quality, culturally sensitive, family-centered care in an environment that supports the development of the child and promotes excellence in nursing care. As an exponent for patients, families, and the pediatric nursing profession, SPN endorses the following recommendations 1. Staffing is a complex issue composed of six-fold variables (American Organization of Nurse Executives, 2003). No single published ratio for nursing staffing is automatically applicable in all settings where child ren receive care. Published recommendations for staffing ratios must be carefully evaluated for the particular pediatric setting since these ratios whitethorn inadvertently minimize the complexity and multitude of issues that must be considered in the care of pediatric patients and their families.2. The master copy registered nurse must be considered an essential member of the team providing care for children and their families staffing plans must reflect this alert role (American Nurses Credentialing Center, 2003). 3. Healthcare institutions should develop valid and reliable staffing plans (American Nurses Association, 2010) and patient assignments should promote developmentally appropriate, high quality care for children and families. Nursing leadership, registered nurses and other designated nursing staff should be involved in the development of staffing plans and worthy preparation of staff for the patient populations cared for within the facility (Joint Commission, 2010).4. While the specific details of these staffing plans will take leave with individual patient needs and facility resources, SPN believes the following factors should be considered in all staffing situations Number and acuity of the patient population. a. Assessment of patient needs including special developmental, physiological, psychosocial, and learning needs of children and their families. b. Availability of specialized pediatric equipment and supplies to provide the necessary care and the availability of other support services such as respiratory care, child life, social services, and spiritual care (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2006, 2004a, 2004b, 1998). c. Level of education, competency, and the extent of experience and specialized pediatric training of available staff. d. Family involvement and/or the familys special needs related to meeting the healthcare needs of the child (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2006 Lewandowski & Tessler, 2003).e. Comparable pediatric staffing b enchmark data and/or staffing guidelines from other pediatric focused professional organizations should be integrated into developing staffing plans if at all possible (National Association of neonatal Nurses 2008 American Nurses Association, 2008 American Academy of Pediatrics 2006, 2004a, 2004b, 1998 NACHRI, 2003). 5. Nurses caring for pediatric patients must have appropriate education and experience to demonstrate competency in the care of this highly specialized patient population.The core concepts as cited in the following sources should be included in education and training Pediatric Nursing backcloth and Standards of Pediatric Nursing Practice (American Nurses Association, 2008) Position Statement on Family Centered Care subject area in the Nursing Education Curriculum (Society of Pediatric Nurses, 2008) Position Statement on Child Health Content in the Undergraduate Curriculum (Society of Pediatric Nurses, 2007) Core Curriculum for the Nursing Care of Children and Their Fa milies (Broome & Rollins, 1999) Standards and Guidelines for Pre-Licensure and Early professed(prenominal) Education for the Nursing Care of Children and Their Families (Woodring, 1998).6. Organizations and nursing staff providing care for pediatric patients should commit to ongoing maintenance of nursing staffs clinical competency through continuing education that ensures a modern knowledge base of issues and trends in pediatric care delivery. 7. Organizations should work to establish practice environments characterized by idle communication, teamwork, and effective collaborative problem solving to address nurse staffing issues and ensure safe, effective care for children and families. 8. Nurses are encouraged to assume professional accountability for their own practice. Nurses have accountability for the following Being an advocate for the role of the registered professional nurse Being knowledgeable of state practice acts Being knowledgeable of the mechanisms available to add ress potential staffing issuesReferencesAiken, L. H., Sloane, D. M., Cimiotti, J. P., Clarke, S. P., Flynn, L., Seago, J. A., Spetz, J. & Smith, H. L. (2010). Implications of the California nurse staffing mandate for other states. Health Services Research, 45(4), 904-921. Aiken L. H., Clarke, S. P., Sloane, D. M., Sochalski, J., Silber, J. H. (2002). Hospital nurse staffing and patient mortality, nurse burnout, and job dissatisfaction. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288(16), 1987-1993. American Academy of Pediatrics(2006). Child life services. Pediatrics, 118(4) 1757-1763. American Academy of Pediatrics (2004b). Levels of neonatal care. Pediatrics 114(5) 1342-1347. American Academy of Pediatrics (2004a). Guidelines and levels of care for pediatric intensive care units. Pediatrics 114(4) 1114-1125. American Academy of Pediatrics (1998). Facilities and equipment for the care of pediatric patients in a community hospital. Pediatrics 101(6) 1089-1090.American Nurses Associ ation. (2010). Safe staffing saves lives. federal legislation Registered nurse safe staffing act. Retrieved on-line(a) February 13, 2011. http//www.safestaffingsaveslives.org/whatisANAdoing/federallegislation.aspx?css=print American Nurses Association (2008). Pediatric nursing Scope and standards of practice. Washington DC Author. American Nurses Association. (2007). precipitous care staffing. Nursings legislative and regulatory initiatives for the 110th Congress Appropriate staffing. Retrieved on-line February 13, 2011. http//www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAPoliticalPower/Federal/legis/AcuteCare.aspx. American Nurses Credentialing Center. (2003). The magnet recognition program for excellence in nursing service health care organization, instructions and application process. Pub MAGMAN03. Washington, DC Author. American Organization of Nurse Executives (2003). AONE policy statement on mandated staffing ratios. Retrieved on-line January 21, 2011. http//www.aone.org/aone/ advocacy/ps_ratios.html. Broome, M. & Rollins, J. (Eds.). (1999). Core curriculum for the nursing care of children and their families. Pittman, NJ Jannetti Publications. Childrens Defense Fund. (2010). The state of Americas children 2010. Retrieved on line February 13, 2011. http//www.childrensdefense.org/child-research-data-publications/data/state-of-americas-children2010-report.html. Childrens Defense Fund. (2002). Basic facts on poverty. Child Poverty FAQs. Washington DC Author. Institute of Medicine. (2010). The future of nursing leading change, advancing health. Report brief 2010. Washington DC Author. Institute of Medicine. (1999). To err is human Building a safer health care system. Washington, DC Author. Joint Commission. (2010). Joint commission accreditation resources Accreditation manager plus. Retrieved on-line February 21, 2011.http//qvcsql01/JCRAMP/Frame.aspx.Kane, R. L., Shamliyan, T. A., Mueller, C., Duval, S., Wilt, T. J. (2007). The association of registered nurse staffing levels and patient outcomes. Systematic retread and meta-analysis. Medical Care, 45(12) 1195-1204. Kaushal, R., Bates, D.W., Landrigan, C., McKenna, K. J., Clapp, M. D., Federico, F., Goldman, D. A. (2001). Medication errors and adverse drug events in pediatric inpatients. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285(16), 2114-2120. Lewandowski, L. A. & Tessler, M. D. (Eds.). (2003). Family-centered care Putting it into action The SPN/ANA guide to family-centered care. Washington DC American Nurses Publishing. Mark, B. A., Harless, D. W., Berman, W. F. (2007). Nurse staffing and adverse events in hospitalized children. Policy, politics & Nursing Practice, 8(2) 83-92. Monsen, R. B., Finley, S. (2007). Shortage of nurses and child health. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 22(3), 231-232). National Association of Childrens Hospitals and Related Institutions. (2003). clinical practices service program Benchmark data. Available from www.childrenshospitals.net/nachri. National Association of Neonatal Nurses (2008). Minimum RN staffing in NICUs. Retrieved online February 11, 2011. http//www.nann.org/pdf/08_3009_rev.pdf. Needleman, J., Buerhaus, P. I., Stewart, M., Zelevinsky, K., Soeren, M. (2006). Nurse staffing in hospitals Is there a business case for quality? Health Affairs, 25(1) 204-211. Schwalenstocker, E., Bisarya, H., Lau, S. & Adebimpe, O. (2007). Nursing-sensitive indicators for childrens hospital care quality Indicators are essential, but further testing is needed for use in comparing hospital performance. A white paper prepared by the Pediatric Data part Systems (PediQS) Collaborative. September 2007. Retrieved on line February 8, 2011 http//www.childrenshospitals.net/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Site_Map3&Template=/CM/ContentDisp lay.cfm&ContentID=29730. Society of Pediatric Nurses. (2008). Position statement on family centered care content in the nursing education curriculum. Retrieved on-line February 21, 2011. http//www.pedsnurses.org/ divisi on/option,com_docman/Itemid,222/task,doc_view/gid,193/

Professional Role/Code of Ethic

decrees of Ethis on the case of Mr. E master key Roles and set Western Governor University State Regulations and Nursing Standards Nursing, as other medical profession, aims at helping and preservation the life of other. As much as cling tos and doctor wants to intervene to prolong a patient life, its important to consider patients wishes. Ethically, intubating Mr. E without proper discussion and consideration of his wishes is against his living will. Its a violation of Provision I of ANA work out of Ethics in paying attentioning patients dignity.The hold dear also split to meet the Standards of Competent Performance based on California label of Regulation, phrase 4, autograph 1443. 5, which stated nurses moulds as the clients advocate, as circumstances require, by initiating action to change health cope or to change decisions or activities which are against the come tos or wishes of the client (p. 70) Implication. According to code 2. 1 Primacy of patients interest from American Nurses Association, its the nurses commitment to respect the uniqueness of each patient, and respect patients wishes.Therefore, the nurse is responsible to seek for a settlement if patients wishes are conflict with others (p. 5). Based on the above codes, the nurse in the scenario moldiness inform Mr. Y about Mr. Es wish. The nurse also need to assess Mr. Y understanding of risk and benefit of the procedure, so he would have all the neccesary information to make decision. Code of Ethics The Code of Ethics was developed by the American Nurses Association as a simulation for ethical guideline. The work serves as a standard in assisting nurses making ethical decision.According to the ANA Code of Ethics,(2001), readiness I stated that nurses must treat patient with compassion and respect the patients dignity, worth, and uniqueness, disregardless of societal and economical status, nature of health problem, and persons attributes (p. 1). In specific, the interpretive s tatement 1. 4, in which the focus is on patients right to self-determination, is appropriate to apply in this scenario. (p. 4) Impact of Code. Code 1. 4 stated that nurses respect patients dignity by honor his or her make wishes. Thus, its important to inform Mr.Y of Mr. Es wish as do not bring round (DNR). Although Mr. E is mentally challenge, he has his own feeling and perspective on his health status. Moreover, the patients mental take when he signed adduce Directive and Power of Attorney is unclear therefore, ignoring his wishes is a false assumption and an understatement to his decision-making capabality. As a nurse in this scenario, I would inform Mr. Y of his comrade wish on Advance Directive. Ethics of Putting Patient on Ventilator. Putting Mr. E on ventilator based on the nieces license is unethical.The decision didnt make based on patients best interest due to Mr. Y unawareness of Advance Directive. In addition, the niece make the decision instead of Mr. Y therefore, the patients Power of Attorney was not followed completely. As the nurse, I would call Mr. Y to explain the situation and the decision of his niece. I would also inform him of the patients wishes in the Advance Directive. As an advocate for patient, I would also bring up the patients wish to the physicans attention, and discuss the need to inform both Mr. Y and his niece of the Advance Directive.Although Ms. H doesnt have Power of Attorney, she plays a role in assisting Mr. Y decision-making since Mr. Y called her for suggestion. Ethics of Authorizing Ventilator. Mr. Y should considers his familiars wish based on the Advance Directive. Mr. Y should also ask for the risks and benefits of putting his associate on ventilator. As his brother, Mr. Y would want to prolong his brothers life however, Mr. Y should proceeds in account of his brothers desire, quality of life, and the extend of suffering. If Mr. Y doesnt agree with the mod Directives, Mr.Ys authorization is valid since the advanced(a) Directives is not fully completed. Analysis of Mr. Es Advanced Directives Because of Mr. E mental health status, his capabality to make decision is unclear when he signed the Advanced Directives. Moreover, gibe to Emedicinewellness, its important that the designated power of attorney knows and understands your the patient wishes (Nabili, 2012). However, family member didnt sign the Advance Directives, and the involvement of family is unclear. Thus, the found Power of Attorney may not know and understand the patients wish.The patient and family business leader not discuss patients decision. In addition, when the decision of Mr. Y conflicts with the decision of Mr. E in Advance Directives, the situation becomes very complicated. HIPAA Aside from Mr. E complicated situation, there are major Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) violations in the scenario. The physician violated patients right to seclusion protection by discuss his medical conditio n and situation to Ms. H in the waiting room, a public place. The information was disclosed to other patients, to Ms.Hs boyfriend, and other non-related health care staff. Moreover, discussing Mr. E condition to Ms. H should be questioning because Ms. H, although shes the patients niece, is not the appointed power of attorney. maven of the nurse role is advocate for paient. By not protecting patients privacy, a nurse also violate HIPAA. The nurse, although aware of the physician violation, did not intervene to protect Mr. Es information. Therefore, she could be hold accountable for violation of HIPAA. In this scenario, a nurse commented on ignoring HIPAA.The nurse is not completely violated patients privacy legally, but also ethically according to ANA Code of Ethics. as well physician and nurse, the facility is also accountable for HIPAA violation, for the facility did not reinforce the importance of HIPAA with its staff and physician. Professional Conduct As the above paragraphs discuss, the nurse fails to conduct the standard of nursing by ignoring patients rights for privacy protection. By stating forget itno one pays attention to HIPAA anyway, the nurse is at risk for violating HIPAA.Beside HIPAA, the cafeteria nurses fail to act as patients advocacy by stating What difference does it makes? The guys got diabetes, ir retarded, and is already in a nursing home. This nurse violated Provision I in Code of Ethics by ANA in which a nurse cares for patient with compassion and respect regardless of social and economical status, personals attribute, and nature of health problems (p. 1). Futhermore, lack of knowledge of Advance Directives is a move of Provision II in Code of Ethics by not primacy patients interest and respect patients wishes.Steps. To avoid misconduct of professional standard, the nurse in this scenario should talk to the physician in private about disclosing patient information. The nurse first suggests to call Mr. Y and obtain permission to discuss care with Ms. H then the nurse must inform Mr. Y the Advance Directives as well as assess Mr. Y understanding of risks and benefits of the procedure. Obtaining informed consent from Mr. Y is also a crucial step. If Mr. Y cant be reach in a time fond manner, the nurse should contact the agent that helped Mr.E with the Advance Directive she can then obtain information related to Mr. E decision-making ability at the time, and inform doctor and charge nurse for decision-making. However, in this scenario, the nurse should rede charge nurse and higher chain of command about the situation and the violation of HIPAA. Ethical direction should be notified to consult for appropriate actions. Regarding her colleagues, the nurse should inform her supervisor, without naming name, the need to orient staff regarding HIPAA, Advance Directives, and reinforce in Code of Ethics.By taking appropriate interventions, the nurse ensures dignity in patient care and maintain respect in work enviro nment. References American Nurses Association. (2001). Code of ethics. Retrieved from http//nursingworld. org/MainMenuCategories/EthicsStandards/CodeofEthicsforNurses/Code-of-Ethics. pdf California. (2005). California nursing practice act With regulations and related satutes. Matthew Bender & Co. , a member of the Lexis Group. Nabili, S. (2012). Advance directives. Retrieved from http//www. emedicinehealth. com/advance_directives/page2_em. htm

China Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

China - verge Paper ExampleThey participate actively in productive activities in the country. The infants and elderly contribute low to the national basket and are deemed as the dependant community. China will look upon the working people in order to maintain their well-being of infants and the elderly.China is experiencing a demographic pattern that is uncharacteristic of different developed countries. Unlike different countries, Chinas population growth is hard to forecast. The population of the younger people is decreasing as the population of the older people increases that is as a result of decreased fatality rate and fertility rates. The rate at which the community is giving birth is decreasing, this means that fewer and fewer number of infants are brought into the community. Chinas average fertility rate is minimal as compared to other countries like the United States. China was able to reduce the child-bearing rate per couple from five to two children in only 25 year s of campaign that is equivalent of a third the time taken by developed western countries (Louis and Denise, 45). In the aforesaid(prenominal) manner, the mortality rates have greatly decreased in China meaning that the number of elderly people in the country is rising. In the past, the life foreboding of people in China was as low as forty years (Jerry and Yudelson 77). It had one of the highest mortality rates, but today the situation has improved. Within a period of fifty years the life foresight now stands at seventy years. Western countries were able to improve their life expectancy within the same margins in a period of hundred years.From the foregoing facts and figures, it is evident that China is undergoing aging process much quickly than other developed countries (Louis and Denise, 23). The economic impacts of an aging population are detrimental. The future projection of the actual population in the year 2030 will mainly be consisting of the aged people. Typically, the elderly people are less productive for

Analysis of the Book Two Cheers of Anarchism Essay

digest of the Book Two Cheers of Anarchism - Essay ExampleThe essay Analysis of the Book Two Cheers of Anarchism discusses anarchism in terms of a concrete connection to the authors experience.An analysis of the authors central and peripheral ideas would reveal the following pile Scott explains that the authors interest of anarchist critique is as a result of disillusionments as soundly as loss of hope in a transmutationary change. When he came to political consciousness he discovers he has no hope I the revolutionary change. Change is because he needs to get aside from certain conditions he does not like or approve of. He justifies this by making seed to Maxs anarchist critique as well as that of Lenin which seemed more relevant. He refers to the revolution in France that consequently led to confrontational Napoleonic state. In this sense, the author is not for revolutionary movements. He has given up in them. He sees the revolutions as counterproductive. However, what brings about revolutions, especially political revolutions. It is dissatisfaction with the status quo. He advocates for anarchy as better since there are the voluntary agreements. In asserting that anarchist behaviors clear be seen in people who have never even known about anarchy is and then reliable because the anarchist philosophy exists in their political ways and agitations. His anarchist squint entails defense of authorities as well as debate and conflict. This is a rather democratic one and seeks to tolerate differences. This implies to true freedom as a way to ensure true justice.