Dialogical and Formalistic Approach to Thomas Grays Elegy (Eulogy) Wri

Dialogical and Formalistic Approach to plaint (Eulogy) Written in a commonwealth Churchyard dirge in a Country Courtyard, by doubting doubting doubting Thomas grey-headed, can be looked at through two unlike methods. First the Dialogical Approach, which covers the tycoon of the quarrel of the text to address someone without the consciousness that the exchange of langu grow between the speaker and addressee occurs. (HCAL, 349) The second method is the Formalistic Approach, which allows the commentator to look at a literary piece, and critique it according to its form, point of view, style, imagery, atmosphere, theme, and word choice. The formalistic views on form, allow us to look at the essential structure of the poem.Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray shows aspects of both Dialogical and Formalistic Approaches. Grays uses dialogic opposition, the way the antecedent chooses to form his work so that the reader can interpret the characters actions and words w ithout the direct intervention of the author. (HCAL, 354) Gray lists the lifestyles of many different hatful in lines 32- 60. These stanzas cover all the different types of people that argon buried in the churchyard. We can interpret the lifestyle and actions of the another(prenominal) characters because we need the ability to associate and connect what the narrator is telling us. By use the dialogic opposition, this allows the reader to identify the multiple types of characters in the poem, even if they dont all have dialogue.Bakhtins definition points toward a parallel between issues of knowledge and power among the characters and those between the author and the reader. In both cases, knowledge is best thought of as dialogic sooner than monologic, as open to the other rather than closed, as addres... ...defining words. The symbolism is to show the reader and the audience that life is only for so long. Once that old age is reached your youth is over. Try and accomplish all th at you can when you have the time and the energy, because we are all going to be in the same place as all the characters in the churchyard before we know it. Gray uses imagery and symbols truly well, and smoothly pulls the attention of his readers in to the poem.Grays use of language and other literary devices allows readers to look at the poem from two different aspects. Dialogical and Formalistic, two completely different types of critiques. However, both let the reader look at the poem in completely different ways and see the many different aspects of the writing. Thomas Grays Elegy in a Country Churchyard, is a fine standard of showing the dialogical and formalistic approach in a poem. Dialogical and Formalistic Approach to Thomas Grays Elegy (Eulogy) WriDialogical and Formalistic Approach to Elegy (Eulogy) Written in a Country Churchyard Elegy in a Country Courtyard, by Thomas Gray, can be looked at through two different methods. First the Dialogical Approach, which covers the ability of the language of the text to address someone without the consciousness that the exchange of language between the speaker and addressee occurs. (HCAL, 349) The second method is the Formalistic Approach, which allows the reader to look at a literary piece, and critique it according to its form, point of view, style, imagery, atmosphere, theme, and word choice. The formalistic views on form, allow us to look at the essential structure of the poem.Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray shows aspects of both Dialogical and Formalistic Approaches. Grays uses dialogic opposition, the way the author chooses to form his work so that the reader can interpret the characters actions and words without the direct intervention of the author. (HCAL, 354) Gray lists the lifestyles of many different people in lines 32- 60. These stanzas cover all the different types of people that are buried in the churchyard. We can interpret the lifestyle and actions of the other characters because we have the ability to associate and connect what the narrator is telling us. By using the dialogic opposition, this allows the reader to identify the multiple types of characters in the poem, even if they dont all have dialogue.Bakhtins definition points toward a parallel between issues of knowledge and power among the characters and those between the author and the reader. In both cases, knowledge is best thought of as dialogic rather than monologic, as open to the other rather than closed, as addres... ...defining words. The symbolism is to show the reader and the audience that life is only for so long. Once that old age is reached your youth is over. Try and accomplish all that you can when you have the time and the energy, because we are all going to be in the same place as all the characters in the churchyard before we know it. Gray uses imagery and symbols very well, and smoothly pulls the attention of his readers in to the poem.Grays use of language and other literary devices allows readers to look at the poem from two different aspects. Dialogical and Formalistic, two completely different types of critiques. However, both let the reader look at the poem in completely different ways and see the many different aspects of the writing. Thomas Grays Elegy in a Country Churchyard, is a fine example of showing the dialogical and formalistic approach in a poem.

Nutrition Case Studies :: Health Nutrition Pyramid Diet

divert read the following case studies and answer the questions which follow them. The questions may have some(prenominal)(prenominal) right answers I am looking to see if you have put some thought into the assignment and that you give accurate information in your responses. Please email your answers to me by June 24. If you have any questions about this assignment, please email me before June 24. Case Study 1aroused, age 36, and his whole family discern football. They love to play football and to watch football. Randy played football in college, but now that he has a job at a honor firm working many hours, he just plays every once in a while on a Saturday. In college he was in great shape and could eat anything he wanted. Now he just doesnt make it to the gym that often and has lost muscle and has been gaining some weight. He is about 6 feet and weighs 250. Randy and his family also love meat and potatoes type food. On the weekend they often barbeque ribs and burgers that are w ashed down with several beers. During the week, Randy gets coffee and a donut on the elbow room to work and goes to lunch with clients at various restaurants. His wife usually cooks dinnerjust comparable his mom used to. He knows that he has been gaining some weight but he still feels pretty good. A few years ago his full cousin was diagnosed with colorectal good dealcer. Recently Randys father was also diagnosed with colorectal cancer. This makes Randy a little nervous and he wonders if there is anything that he can do to prevent or lower his chances of getting cancer as well.1. Do you think that Randy is at risk for colorectal cancer? wherefore or why not?Randy is at rish for colorectal cancer. While it estimates that the contribution of the enviornment in people with colon cancer is 65%, the other 35% is genetic factors, and Randys cousin, and father have been diagnosed. 2. What dietary advice would you give Randy?Most types of cancers are related to factors such as high fat and alcohol intakes, Randy displays both of these attributes. His meat and potatoes type food is high in fat, as well as the donut he has every day on his way to work. The lunches out everyday at resturants Im sure are not the most healthy choices he could be making as well.

Eulogy for Friend :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for FriendId like to vocalize a a few(prenominal) words of tribute to this special man, from me and on behalf of other close friends of his. When he heard the news of Alans death, a mutual friend and familiar noted touchingly that Alan was a man that was non-judgmental. Alan accepted people largely for what they were and for who they were. Alan was a man without prejudice. His many friendships crossed the barriers of social position and educational background. And his spirit, his generosity, his intensity also reached done barriers of race and cultural background. They reached through the barriers of age and generation. Because everyone was welcomed into Alans circle of friends and what a multi-coloured, multi-cultural, multi-national, and multi-generational circle of friends it is indeed. Whats more, Alan worked eagerly to bring these people from different backgrounds together. To me, he seemed happiest when hed unionized a convocation of the about diverse people one could imagine. If Alan couldnt remake the world outside to his liking, he would make it so in his backyard. He was a man without prejudice. This was not just a matter of principle for Alan, not something he merely theorised in his academic work and teaching. It was his instinct, his very nature. This was not only when tolerance, it was his personal culture. Because when we head to think about it, Alans preoccupation in life was people. He was always introducing people to other people. Always saying you must go through so and so and with his extraordinary sense of social occasion, by and large you did get to meet them. How many people have we met and got to know through Alan smith? Dr Alan Smith was among the most intelligent people I have ever known. A sociologist by original training, he completed his Bachelor degree with honor at the University of Wales in 1978 and was awarded his Doctorate by that University in 1990. His doctoral thesis, titled A Cartography of Resistance T he British State and Derry Republicanism was a learned study of the Irish republican struggle. The granting immunity of the Irish people and Gaelic people generally was a cause very close to his heart throughout his adult life. His experiences in Londonderry in the eighties exposed him to the brutal realities of war and I think shaped his political outlook in particular ways. One of these I deliberate was to deepen his relationship with people from oppressed nationalities and cultures wherever they were and whenever he came across them in his many travels around the world.Eulogy for Friend Eulogies EulogyEulogy for FriendId like to say a few words of tribute to this special man, from me and on behalf of other close friends of his. When he heard the news of Alans death, a mutual friend and colleague noted poignantly that Alan was a man that was non-judgmental. Alan accepted people largely for what they were and for who they were. Alan was a man without prejudice. His many frien dships crossed the barriers of social position and educational background. And his spirit, his generosity, his warmth also reached through barriers of race and cultural background. They reached through the barriers of age and generation. Because everyone was welcomed into Alans circle of friends and what a multi-coloured, multi-cultural, multi-national, and multi-generational circle of friends it is indeed. Whats more, Alan worked eagerly to bring these people from different backgrounds together. To me, he seemed happiest when hed organised a gathering of the most diverse people one could imagine. If Alan couldnt remake the world outside to his liking, he would make it so in his backyard. He was a man without prejudice. This was not just a matter of principle for Alan, not something he merely theorised in his academic work and teaching. It was his instinct, his very nature. This was not simply tolerance, it was his personal culture. Because when we stop to think about it, Alans preo ccupation in life was people. He was always introducing people to other people. Always saying you must meet so and so and with his extraordinary sense of social occasion, by and large you did get to meet them. How many people have we met and got to know through Alan Smith? Dr Alan Smith was among the most intelligent people I have ever known. A sociologist by original training, he completed his Bachelor degree with Honours at the University of Wales in 1978 and was awarded his Doctorate by that University in 1990. His doctoral thesis, titled A Cartography of Resistance The British State and Derry Republicanism was a learned study of the Irish republican struggle. The freedom of the Irish people and Gaelic people generally was a cause very close to his heart throughout his adult life. His experiences in Londonderry in the 1980s exposed him to the brutal realities of war and I think shaped his political outlook in particular ways. One of these I believe was to deepen his affinity with people from oppressed nationalities and cultures wherever they were and whenever he came across them in his many travels around the world.

Childe and Anthropology :: essays research papers

Essay Questions1. Childe equated civilization with urbanism. Other social scientists, while admitting a significant overlap, distinguished between the cultural phenomena characteristic of urban areas and those of "civilized" societies. Childe identified 10 formal criteria that, according to his system, indicate the arrival of urban civilization. These are change magnitude settlement size, concentration of wealth, large-scale public works, writing, representational art, knowledge of exact sciences, foreign trade, full-time specialists in non-subsistence activities, class-stratified society, and political organization based on manse rather than kinship. He saw the underlying causes of the urban revolution as the cumulative growth of technology and the increasing availability of food surpluses as capital. notwithstanding archaeological evidence demonstrated that the formal criteria Childe proposed were, in reality, not universal. A core of basic structural trends, however, a ppeared to be essential as cities appeared in different areas at different times. Some of the problems that may arise with any given set of criteria(s) for defining civilization and the process in which they develop lie indoors things such as time frame, area, mental capacity of the peoples of the society, and material advancement. In reference to ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, Childes criteria apply several(prenominal)what directly. This is said because both of these societies had some forms of sciences (i.e. mummification/Egypt), wealth or caste system, and a public works for buildings and city-states. Their only difference lies in that in ancient Egypt, the politics were balanced by kinship rather than residence.2.     Archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia, conducted since about 1840, have revealed evidence of settlement back to about 10,000 BC. Favorable geographic circumstances allowed the peoples of Mesopotamia to pass from a hunter-gatherer culture to a culture based on husbandry, agriculture, and permanent settlements. Trade with other regions, tribes, and chiefdoms also flourished, as indicated by the presence in early interment sites of metals and precious stones not locally available.

The Effects of Industrialization on Norway’s Economy, Environment and P

The Effects of Industrialization on Norways Economy, Environment and PopulationUp until the beginning of the twentieth century, Norwegians were primarilyfisherman and farmers. The fishing diligence has been the basis of life and culture inNorway for hundreds of years. The fishing industry is still very important in Norway,however the discovery of anoint in the due north Sea has had a huge impact on the Norwegianeconomy and culture. Oil discoveries in the North Sea have made Norway a plasterednation. Since the discovery of oil, Norway has become a highly industrialized outlandish.Today, Norway has become very modern and technologically advanced. Industrializationis defined as, To develop industry in (a country or society, for example). 30 Theindustry that is primarily being developed in Norway is oil. This industrialization has not only effected Norways economy but also its creation and environment. Industry hasbrought a lot of jobs to Norway and many Norwegians are moving to N orways urbanareas to be close to these jobs. More than 90,000 people work in the oil industry today.Around 20,000 are shift workers on the oil and gas platforms in the North and NorwegianSeas, Norways two main oil and gas-producing areas.29 Unemployment in Norway isat an all time low. Immigration to Norway has increased because of the many jobopportunities that the oil industry has brought to Norway. In my paper I will talk or sothe many ways in which industrialization has impacted Norways economy, populationand environment. I think this is relevant to the class because it will entail discussions on immigration, economy, and population.Norways population grew more rapidly during the 19th century than during anyoth... ...lobal+%2Bwarming+%2Bnorway&oq=&url=http%3A//www.dieoff.org/page129.htm&ti=The+Carbon+Bomb%3A+Climate+Change+and+the+Fate+of+the+Northern+circumboreal+Forests&top=148623Greenpeace .orghttp//www.greenpeace.org/climate/24UDIhttp//www.udi.no/zengelsk/3834/index.html25A Place in the WorldEdited by Doreen Massey and Pat Jess26Away.comhttp//away.com/frames/lp.tcl?type=history&lp_region_id=310&page_id=01&page_location=27Conde Nast Travelerhttp//www.concierge.com/run/concierge/OverviewDetail?geo_uid=514228 modern Review Magazine, May 1997http//www.britannica.com/bcom/magazine/article/0,5744,239651,00.html?query=epz%20manufacturing29ODINhttp//odin.dep.no/odin/engelsk/norway/economy/032005-990443/index-dok000-b-n-a.html30Dictionary.comhttp//www.dictionary.com/cgi-bin/dict.pl?term=industrialization

The Effects of Industrialization on Norway’s Economy, Environment and P

The Effects of Industrialization on Norways Economy, Environment and PopulationUp until the beginning of the twentieth century, Norwegians were primarily fisher cat and farmers. The fishing constancy has been the basis of life and culture inNorway for hundreds of years. The fishing industry is still very important in Norway,however the discovery of oil color in the North Sea has had a huge impact on the Norwegianeconomy and culture. Oil discoveries in the North Sea have make Norway a wealthynation. Since the discovery of oil, Norway has become a highly industrialized country.Today, Norway has become very modern and technologically advanced. Industrializationis defined as, To develop industry in (a country or society, for example). 30 Theindustry that is primarily being developed in Norway is oil. This industrialization has not only effected Norways economy scarcely also its population and environment. Industry hasbrought a lot of jobs to Norway and many Norwegians are moving to N orways urbanareas to be close to these jobs. More than 90,000 people tend in the oil industry today.Around 20,000 are shift workers on the oil and gas platforms in the North and NorwegianSeas, Norways two chief(prenominal) oil and gas-producing areas.29 Unemployment in Norway isat an all time low. Immigration to Norway has increased because of the many jobopportunities that the oil industry has brought to Norway. In my paper I volition talk aboutthe many ways in which industrialization has impacted Norways economy, populationand environment. I think this is relevant to the class because it will necessitate discussions on immigration, economy, and population.Norways population grew more rapidly during the 19th century than during anyoth... ...lobal+%2Bwarming+%2Bnorway&oq=&url=http%3A//www.dieoff.org/page129.htm&ti=The+Carbon+Bomb%3A+Climate+Change+and+the+ destiny+of+the+Northern+Boreal+Forests&top=148623Greenpeace .orghttp//www.greenpeace.org/climate/24UDIhttp//www.udi.no/zeng elsk/3834/index.html25A Place in the WorldEdited by Doreen Massey and Pat Jess26Away.comhttp//away.com/frames/lp.tcl?type=history&lp_region_id=310&page_id=01&page_location=27Conde Nast travellerhttp//www.concierge.com/run/concierge/OverviewDetail?geo_uid=514228Contemporary Review Magazine, May 1997http//www.britannica.com/bcom/magazine/article/0,5744,239651,00.html?query=epz%20manufacturing29ODINhttp//odin.dep.no/odin/engelsk/norway/economy/032005-990443/index-dok000-b-n-a.html30Dictionary.comhttp//www.dictionary.com/cgi-bin/dict.pl?term=industrialization

Causes of students sleeping in class hours

It is a unsuitable habit Of each every one Of us, mostly we familiarityd it because Of umpteen a(prenomoal) reasons, and complaisant media is the major reason of our tree sloth. Social media is not always positive. Students usu everyy multi-task while analyze, they check their social media sites while on the process of hearing. Their ability to keep down on the task at hand is significantly reduced by the distractions in posting comments, tweeting and online looseness. Later on they will be corely distracted by their social media activities thus forget about the subjects that hey should focus on, in the first place.This is one very common problem faced by the students not and in this present era but most likely since the formal education was being taken and introduced. The popularity of social media can caught the direction of many students like us. Theres no doubt that students are energetic and actively eng successiond in online communities such as posting comments, t weeting and online gaming. A. Statement of the Problem Laziness occurred because our attention is caught by the social media and were not aware that our interest in our studies is now losing. In this kind of search, we prepare close to questions about this.What are the contributions of social media to the laziness of the students? Why is it that the social media is the number one cause of the laziness of the students? What can we do to overcome this bad habit? B. Hypothesis In this inquiry, we give some answer on the following questions. This answer would be the possible answer of the students about this. For students, who always feel lazy, bored, not provoke and peacey during class hours. It is because they cull using computers in useless things. Instead of using it on doing your homework, lessons, and projects.Some students feel lazy during class hours for the reason that theyre deprivation of peacefulness and rest. Some of them are shut away using computers, browsing non sense things or playing online games even if it is late at night. We can avoid this laziness by having a motivation or a goal. By setting our minds that we should use computers in a good way. Dont use computers too much in doing our sh in allow works, we can still surf some information from a reference book. C. Significance of the Study We all know that we can avoid this kind of activity. This research can assortment their bad habit. This can help them to stay focus on their studies.This research provides awareness to those students who are always lazy when it comes to study but so energetic when it comes to social networking sites. This can as well as help them to know and realize that using computers for your inculcate works has a bigger difference than using computers to any useless things. Eke, online gaming and always using social networking sites while studying, thats why they cant stay focus on their studies. D. Scope and Delimitations of the Study Our research is focuse d on the contributions of social media activities to the jazziness of the students.Through this research we will obligate to a greater extent knowledge and deep understanding about its contribution. The selected students of San Guillemot Academy from send seven to fourth year are our respondents. Thirty (30) students from grade seven, thirty (30) students from grade eight, thirty (30) students from Third year and ten (10) students from fourth year. For a total of 1 00 respondents. Bored, not interested in class, not interested to the subject and forty winksy because youre lazy and all you want to do is to use computer judgment of conviction to time.Chapter II Theoretical and C at one timeptual Framework Review of connect Literature Cutting back on log Zs for school work is counterproductive Students who Stay up late to cram for a test or finish a project study lower comprehension and worse coiffureance in the classroom as a result, research shows. By bloody shame Mclean Augu st 22, 2012 Los Angels Times The old aphorism that you snooze, you lose doesnt apply to students who stay up late to cram for a test or finish a class project. New research shows that sacrificing stay for school work is a bad trade.Researchers from Class Jane and Terry Semen Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior enlisted students from lead Los Angels graduate(prenominal) schools to help them figure out whether academic exercise suffered the day after a late night of studying. It turned out their hunch was regenerate Lost relief resulted in less comprehension during class and worse performance on tests, according to their report, published online Tuesday in the journal Child Development. Sacrificing quiet for studying seems to be counterproductive, tell Andrew J.Fulfilling, a developmental psychologist at UCLA and the studs senior author. The researchers gave 535 teenagers checklists to keep track of their sleep and duty time for three 14-day periods when they were in ninth, tenth and 12th grades. The UCLA team found that regardless Of how much time a higher(prenominal) schooled normally spends on homework each day, a student who gives up sleep for extra study time will have trouble the next day understanding material in class and be more than than likely to struggle with an assignment or test the opposite of the students intent.The researchers didnt quantify the increased risk for academic problems following a longer-than-usual study session, but they said the number of problems was surprisingly greater. The allegations held up no matter how academically ambitious the student was, as measured by the amount of time spent studying on a typical day, and it became stronger as students progressed through high school. The results rang true to Aka Daniels, a college-bound senior at the Los Angels Center for Enriched Studies, a Mid-City magnet school. On make when shes stayed up late to study, shes had more trouble absorbing material in class, she said. Id have to retrace myself at night, she said. The finding makes a lot of sense, said Mona el-Sheikh, a professor of human velveteen and family studies at Auburn University whose research includes sleep. Several new studies are showing that the quantity and the quality of sleep are important for retrieve new information and consolidating learning, she said. Students who get too little sleep dont have enough time to process what they study, she added even just one night of sleep deprivation can have a negative effect.Parents should do what they can to make sure their children have sufficient and consistent sleep, she said. Fulfilling said he could not disclose which schools took part in the research. The dents varied in ethnic and economic backgrounds, as well as in their level Of academic achievement. Their checklists revealed that study time did not change over the course of high school -? the average was just over an hour per day -? but sleep time lessen by an average of 41 . 4 minutes. Ready, willing, and able?Sleep hygiene education, motivational interviewing and cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia in an Australian high school setting daybook Article By Mineral Cain Publication Education and Health Date 2012 cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia is well-regarded as an effective retirement for insomnia in adults. Previous studies in like manner suggest that CB-I can be successfully applied to adolescents experiencing insomnia and other sleep problems, which most commonly involve slow sleep timing. The recommended treatment involves a unite program of morning bright light therapy, stimulus comptroller therapy, and education about sleep hygiene.Improving sleep pattern regularity by getting up earlier on weekends (I. E. , at a time closer to the weekday wake-up time) can play a particularly important role in increasing total sleep time during the week and decreasing daytime leafiness. Recent research suggests that the school classroom may be a promising arena for the spread of sleep interventions for adolescents. However, many of the earlier studies in this area have been plagued by problems such as inappropriate outcome measures, small sample size, lack of control group, and lack of follow-up selective information.Reporting has also been poor, with a number of studies presented only in abstract form. Results have been mixed some studies showed improved knowledge about sleep, disrespect having no information about actual changes in sleep habits or behaviors another duty measured sleep habits but found no change from pre- to post- treatment. Finally, some studies found changes in sleep habits from pre- to post-treatment, although these results must be interpreted with caution due to the previously mentioned problems of small sample size, lack of control group, and lack of follow-up data.A series oft studies conducted by researchers at Flinders University in Adelaide, Australia, attempted to overcome the limitations of p revious research by conducting randomized controlled trials evaluating school-based intervention programs aimed at up(a) the sleep of adolescents. Full details of these studies can be found in earlier publications however, an outline of the main findings are presented here, along with recommendations for others planning school-based interventions for adolescent sleep problems.Impact of Delaying School Start Time on Adolescent Sleep, Mood, and Behavior Journal Article By Judith Owens Publication Arch Pediatricss Med Date 2010 Objective To examine the impaction of a 30-minute delay in school deject time on adolescents sleep, mood, and behavior. Design Participants completed the online retrospective Sleep Habits Survey before and after a change in school tart time. Setting An independent high school in Rhode Island. Participants Students (n=201) in grades 9 through 12. Intervention Institution of a delay in school start time from 8 to 830 AM.Main Outcome Measures Sleep patterns and behavior, daytime somnolence, mood, data from the Health Center, and absences/tardiest. Results After the start time delay, plastered school night sleep duration increased by 45 minutes, and average bedtime advanced by 18 minutes (95% faith interval, 7-29 minutes 24th=3. 36 PC the partage of students getting less than 7 hours of sleep decreased by 79. 4%, ND those reporting at to the lowest degree(prenominal) 8 hours of sleep increased from 16. 4% to 54. 7%. Students reported significantly more satisfaction with sleep and experienced improved motivation.Daytime sleepiness, fatigue, and depressed mood were all reduced. Most health-related variables, including Health Center visits for fatigue-related complaints, and class attendance also improved. Conclusions A modest delay in school start time was associated with significant improvements in measures of adolescent alertness, mood, and health. The results of this study support the potential benefits of adjusting school schedules to adolescents sleep needs, circadian rhythm, and developmental stage. Middle School Start Times The Importance of a effectual Nights Sleep for Young Adolescents Journal Article By Amy R.Wolfs Publication Behavioral Sleep Medicine Date 2007 With the onset of adolescence, teenagers require 9. 2 hrs of sleep and experience a delay in the timing of sleep. In the real world with early school start times, however, they report less sleep, striking differences surrounded by their school-weekend sleep schedules, and significant daytime sleepiness. Prior studies demonstrated that high coolers with later school starts do not rather delay bedtime but obtain more sleep due to later wake times. This study examined sleep-wake patterns of young adolescents attending urban, public middle schools with early (71 5 a. . ) versus late (837 a. M. ) start times. Students (N = 205) were assessed at 2 time periods. Students at the late- starting school reported waking up over 1 hrs later on school mornin gs and obtaining 50 min more sleep each night, less sleepiness, and fewer tardiest than students at the early school. All students reported similar school-night bedtime, sleep hygiene practices, and weekend sleep schedules. link Studies Sleep Complaints Affecting School Performance at Different Educational Levels By James F. Page and Carol F.Swastikas Published online 2010 November 16. Prepossessed online 201 0 July 21 overturn The clear fellowship between reports of sleep disturbance and poor school performance has been authenticated for sleepy adolescents. This study extends that research to students outside the adolescent age grouping in an associated school setting (98 middle school students, 67 high school students, and 64 college students). Reported restless legs and periodic limb movements are significantly associated with lower Spas in junior high students.Consistent with previous studies, daytime sleepiness was the sleep variable most likely to negatively affects high s chool students. Sleep onset and maintenance insomnia were the reported sleep variables significantly correlated with poorer school performance in college students. This study indicates that different sleep disorder variables negatively affect performance at different age and educational levels. Keysetrods adolescent, college, sleep, restless legs, school, insomnia, GAP Introduction A growing body of work documents the association between disordered sleep and school performance.Students who report insomnia, inadequate sleep, daytime sleepiness, irregular sleep patterns and/or poor sleep quality do not perform as well in school as others (Blue et al. , 1990 Link and Nicolai- Israel, 1995 Hoffman and Strength, 1 997 Wolfs and Sarandon, 1 998, 2003 Shin et al. , 2003 Mailman,2005). Children enrolled in remedial school programs report significantly more sleep problems (Blunder and Chervil, 2008). Reported abnormalities in sleep including sleep latency SSLmini and more than one arousal pe r night at least two nights/week have shown an association with an increase in school failure rates (Kahn et l. 1989). A large study in the Spanish secondary school system (N=11 55, mean age 14) found a significant correlation between class failure and sleep complaints, and morning sleepiness (Solaced et al. , 2005). Better school performance is associated with more time in bed, better sleep quality, fewer nighttimes arousal, less napping and less difference between weekday and weekend sleep times (Link and Nicolai-lesser, 1 995 Hoffman and Strength, 1997 Wolfs and Sarandon, 1998).The association between sleep complaints and poor school performance is supported by in-lab experimental studies that demonstrate negative effects for sleep deprivation, sleep restriction, and sleepiness on laboratory measures of motor skill, memory, attention and problem solving in children and adolescents (Shades et al. , 2002 Teaser et al. , 2002 Sarandon et al. , 2004). Experimental restriction Of slee p in students (ages 6-12) has been shown to lead to academic difficulty in the classroom as well as increased severity of school related attention problems (Fallen et al. 2005). There are suggestions in the literature that sleep variables poignant school performance differ based on age and educational level. In seven year olds, short sleep duration is associated with higher delirious liability (Nixon et al. , 2008). Adolescent aged delayed sleep phase develops at the onset of puberty with the associated daytime sleepiness touch on school performance in the high school aged population (Wolfs and Sarandon, 2003 Mailman, 2005). In a large study of Canadian high school students (N=3,235, mean age 16. ) twenty-three percent of students felt that their grades had dropped in high school because of daytime sleepiness (Gibson et al. ,2006). A similar study in Korean high school students N=3,871 , mean age 16. 8) reported excessive daytime sleepiness (DES) to be present in 15. 9% of studen ts. DES was significantly associated with perceived sleep insufficiency, two or more insomnia symptoms and low school performance ( ecstasy et al. , 2005). The proportion of students reporting insomnia appears to increase with increasing age and higher educational level.Among Japanese adolescents, both difficulty initiating sleep and reported insomnia gradually increase from 7th to 12th grade (Kanata et al. , 2006). Up to 30% of college students report chronic Severe sleep difficulties including both daytime sleepiness and insomnia with 1 1 % meeting criteria for delayed sleep phase syndrome (DADS) (Brown et al. , 2001 , 2006). Sleep disturbances are likely to continue to affect school performance in adults. Cognitive function test scores have been noted to fall in both medical students and residents after sleep deprivation (Wallach et al. 2003). Disordered sleep has also been noted to effect behaviors other than school performance. For example, daytime sleepiness was shown to negat ively affect student participation in extracurricular activity (Gibson et al. , 2006). Studies have documented the effect of disordered sleep on the behavioral and emotional performance of elementary school children (Meandered et al. , 2006 El-Sheikh et al. ,2007). Children with fragmented sleep score lower on tests of neurologically functioning and have increased parent-reported levels of behavior problems (Shades et al. 2002). In adolescent boys reported tiredness and sleepiness associated with lower perceived academic performance is also associated with negative mood states, toughened alcohol use, perceived mistreatment or abuse, antisocial behavior, intention to use or current use of illegal drugs, ND feelings of isolation (Obrien and Mindful, 2005 Anyone et al. , 2007). Treatment protocols proposed and utilized in the treatment of sleep disturbance in students A variety of treatment protocols have been proposed for general application in student populations.The finding that ea rly high school start times are associated with student reports of less sleep and increased sleepiness has led to proposals for changes in school start times (Dexter et al. , 2003 Joy et al. , 2005). In some states and communities school Start times have been changed based on legislation. It is currently unclear hither this approach leads to an improvement in school performance (Liaison et al. , 2002). In elementary students treatment suggestions for sleep complaints include attempts to resolve the marital conflicts (El-Sheikh et al. , 2007).Emphasis on the behavioral basis of daytime sleepiness in high school students has led to the development and application of co-educational programs emphasizing sleep hygiene (Joy et al. , 2005 Gibson et al. , 2006). Melatonin used as a pharmacological treatment for adolescents aged 10-?1 areas in the treatment of DADS has been shown to exult in fewer of these students reporting school difficulties (Ginsberg et al. ,2006). Some studies have sugg ested, based on data derived from high school studies, that co-educational treatment approaches and delayed class start times be utilized in the treatment of college students (Brown et al. 2006 Gibson et al. , 2006). In the effort to improve school performance at all educational levels, there appears to be a tendency to apply one-size-fits-all programs for the treatment of sleep disturbance based on data from high school studies (Brown et al. , 2006). This study presents data evaluating the association between questionnaire-reported sleep disturbances and school performance in three separate groups of students extending from grade 6 through college (age range 10-?54).It is the authors speculation that the sleep variables affecting school performance in elementary school and junior high differ from those affecting school performance in high school, and those affecting college students. If this hypothesis is correct, it becomes increasingly important that future research studies and treatment protocols should clarify the age and educational level association of sleep disorder variables with school performance. Materials and Methods Three samples of students were examine for this study middle school (grades 6-8), high school (grades 9-11) and college students.The first samples were assessed in the science and heath classes at associated middle and high schools in Pueblo, Colorado move up the end of the 2005 school year. The college sample was assessed in psychology, nursing and medical classes at the local community colleges as part of an invited presentation on Sleep in Young Adults in 2007. Although all three studies used the same questionnaire instrument, because of differences in the settings, statistical imprisons were made within, but not across the three educational levels.An jest at approved, 18-question frequency-based pediatric sleep disturbance questionnaire, based on validated and indexed questions (Chervil et al. , 2000, 2003 Page et al. , 2007), was used for all three samples. The questionnaire consisted of five ordinal response categories I-?never 2=rarely (once a month) 3=sometimes (once a week) 4=occasionally (twice a week) 5=always (every night). In order to simplify interpretation of the data and reduce categories with small numbers of responses, we aggregated the sleep ATA to compare response categories 3-5 to categories 1 and 2.This differentiated those who reported having the sleep problem at least once a week from those who had it less often. Assessment of school performance was based on self reported GAP (Range 2. 0-4. 0), which is a common method for delimit academic performance in sleep research (Blue et al. , 1990 Hoffman and Strength, 1997 Wolfs and Sarandon, 1 998 Mailman, 2005). Although questionnaires were distributed to 238 middle and high school students, only 165 (69. %) reported their GAP While only the students porting GAP could be analyzed for this study, chi-square analyses revealed that none of th e sleep variables differed significantly between those who provided GAP data and those who did not. In addition, a proportion of post- secondary school students were enrolled in either nursing or medical training programs that did not rate performance based on GAP and therefore could not be included. This study included 98 junior high students (Grades 6-8), 67 high school students (grades 9-11) and 64 college students (mean age 27. , range 17-?59). GAP was not normally distributed and therefore was crack at the Edwina to form two groups within each educational level Low GAP and High GAP. Within each of the three educational levels, chi-square analyses, using Fisher-exact one-sided tests, were run to compare each of the sleep disturbance variables by GAP (low or high). Results Table 1 displays descriptive information for demographic and sleep variables for the three groups. Notably, there were more Hispanic students in the two younger groups and more African American and white stude nts in the college group.There were also substantially more males in the college group than the two younger groups. However, within each educational group, there were o significant differences in age, ethnicity or gender by GAP. For all three groups, the most common sleep associated problem was feeling unrepressed/tired in the morning, followed by having trouble waking up in the morning. The least common behaviors were trouble with breathing when sleeping and taking sleep medication. Table 1 Demographic and sleep variables for all three groups.

American Promotionalism

Emergence of united States of the States itself was an epitome of certain ideological expressions i. e. liberty, fraternity, equality etc but the Statesn progress in the political, kindly, sparing and technological domains capacitated the American spirit to devise the new ideological patterns and modify the existing ones. The socio-economic growth of nineteenth century produced a phenomenon of liberal-developmentalism t get into contains the entire major thematic expressions of American ideology.This liberal-developmentalism ideology was a combination of American tactual sensations in their wanted ideals and these liberal beliefs were further augment by the American historical experience of extraordinary triumphs in the in the socio-economic sectors. All these particularors compelled the Americans to assume that their socio-economic model was of universal in nature and must be replicated at the universal level. So this ideology together with economic compulsions and mass produ ction set an impetus to export the American dream to other geographic locations.The roughly widespread concern for American foreign form _or_ system of governmentmakers remain that America has a peculiar destiny and that destiny must be turn outed universally. So this ideological underpinning found its expression in the strategic and operational mechanisms of American foreign policies during the last decade of 19th century and first half of the twentieth century. The culmination of World struggle II was the America was successful in inculcating their cherished ideals of democracy, capitalism, free great deal etc. in the new universe order. major tenets of American ideology Emily S.Rosenberg (1982) has recognized five underlying principle of the Liberal-Developmentalism ideology that emerged in the last half of 19th century. According to him, these major traits ar (1) belief that other nations could and should replicate Americas ingest developmental experience (2) faith in private free attempt(3) support for free and unclouded access for trade and set upment (4) promotion of free flow of information and culture and (5) growing acceptance of governmental use to protect private enterprise and to stimulate and regulate American fight in international economic and cultural exchange.(p. 7) These major tenets of American ideology were inculcated in the spirit and operation of all(prenominal) American foreign form _or_ system of government move. Whether it is annexation of Philippines or colonization of Cuba, these ideological parameters were at the helm of the affairs. Furthermore, this American mission to extend and export these ideological patterns universally worked under two motives. Religious zeal to spread the American version of Christianity with basic features of American socio-economic standards worked tight with secular and liberal intelligentsia.Evangelical sectors of American life intellection that Christianity was a prerequisite for mo dernization. So missionaries spread American ideals to different parts of the world. Secular sections of American intelligentsia were of the view that national advancements and spheric progress are the materialisation of a wholeness dream i. e. to propagate American ideology. Rosenberg (1982) asserts that it was the economic needs, Anglo-Saxon mission, and the progressive impulse that worked together with government endeavor to set an expansionist agenda and one of the motives for these designs was the spread of American ideology worldwide.Although there were differences over the question how to propagate Americanization but all these seems converging on a single point that center do not matter and it is all or so ends i. e. universalizing the American set. (Hunt, 1987) Acquisition of Philippines Acquisition of Philippines in the later part of 1890s generated frequently controversy across America over the issue. The nation was divided into two opposing groups i. e. imperialis ts and anti-imperialists.The imperialists favored the annexation due to their worldview based on ground realties and pragmatic necessities while anti-imperialists preferred to base their stand on idealistic and nostalgic views of mythic American past. Imperialist was of the view that in the changing world scenario, America should change it isolationist agenda and must assess its strength against the imperial powers of Europe in the international arena. The spirit of Manifest Destiny subsisted, and imperialists hankered after to expand the American authority and influence overseas.Their international view was further reinforced by the political, economic and strategic necessities. The anti-imperialists considered the annexation Philippines as an apparent violation of cherished American ideals and political traditions. The imperialist viewpoint can be located by having an in-depth look at the ideas and worldviews of the five who created the first genuine American imperialism i. e. b asin Hay, secretary of state under McKinley and Roosevelt, Alfred T.Mahan, a naval officer and military analyst Elihu Root, secretary of war under McKinley and Roosevelt, and was responsible for the management of the Philippines and Cuba Henry Cabot Lodge, the connive senator from Massachusetts, and Theodore Roosevelt. (Zimmermann X) These paragons of American imperialism considered that in the changing international political scenario, America should not reside in a policy of isolation but must try its foothold on various strategically important locations. The final goal of this policy might not be territorial gains but it should be strategic monopoly of the international politics and commerce.They further reinforced the idea that it is a defining moment in the way America is linked to the world. It will provide Americans and their leading self-confidence, a sense of their sustain power, and an abiding belief that they could shape international life according to their values. (Zimmerman I) In addition to these broad concerns, economic gains through the annexation of Philippines further shaped the worldview of the imperialists. President was moved by the touchstone of Asian trade (RTAP 52) and economic motives served a proper background for President McKinleys firmness of purpose to annex the islands.His McKinleys object was not a colonial empire but the minimum territory needed to obtain conquest of world markets, along with fetching of strategic points necessary to protect the conquest. (RTAP 52) Acting secretary of States William R. Day and Massachusetts Republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodge considered that the surpluses produced by American factories require huge markets in particular China. They were further influenced by Brooks Adams theory of center of money exchanges with a conception that now joined States is in a position to capture the world economy and rule it.Brooks Adam further said, We must learn new markets unless we would be visited b y declines in wages and by great industrial disturbances, of which signs lead not been lacking. The old theory of competing in foreign markets merely by the price of production is no longer predictable. So a navy, coaling stations and ports in the East turn over become essential condition in our times (RTAP 53) Beside the expansionist design and economic necessities, another factor that contributed to hold the entire archipelago under America was military necessity.After attaining military victories in the islands, it was inappropriate to vacate it for other powers to fight over it. It was a commonly held belief among imperialist that by placing A protectorate seemed unsuitable, since it would place heavy duties on the United States without supplying enough authority to carry them out and Most American believed that freeing the islands would result in internal chaos followed by a German, British, or Japanese takeoverNo country made a serious attempt to deny the Philippines to Unit ed States, but at least four might have collided headlong if Washington turned them loose.(RTAP 48) The anti-imperialist worldview was based on sentimental and traditional values of the past. Mostly, it was comprised of ethical and moral issues, Americas anti-colonial origin and past, its democratic traditions and cherished ideals of liberty and freedom. This altruistic viewpoint was further founded in the fear that these imperialist practices would eat at the traditional political fabric of America and would violate the cherished American ideals.Yet for all their passion, the enemies of the new imperialism seemed old-fashioned and out of touch. They looked back to a mythic American past, while Roosevelt and his friends laid claim to a bountiful futurethe anti-imperialists were on the losing end of historical change. (Zimmermann VIII) Additionally, anti-imperialists American worldview was molded by humanitarian and racial issues and anti-imperialists denounced that handle African A merican, the Filipinos would be treated the same way and would be negated the basic human rights provisions.This perspective was further supported by feminist stance that place Filipinos as the American women who are governed without their consent (RTAP 55) Some racial views suggested that assimilation of Philippines Eastern society would harm the social fabric of American society and would have negative effects on the future prospects of American social development. The imperialist position was based on concrete ground realities.Their basic agenda was expansionism or Americanism (as Roosevelt put it) but it also included the latent political, economic and strategic advantages for America whereas anti-imperialist worldview was grounded in outmoded idealism of the past. Imperialist viewpoint had more functional and beneficial motivation to annex Philippines as Republican Senator Lodge said in the senate, the enormous material benefits to our trade, our industries, and our labor dep endant upon a right dependency of this question (RTAP 54) Due this imperialist worldview, since 1898, Americas role in the world changed for eer.A country that had restricted her power and influence to the western hemisphere suddenly obtained a global reach that it would never relinquish (Zimmerman I) This cl early manifested that American annexation of Philippines were motivated by a combination of various factor in which economic necessities and airing of American dream i. e. to Americanize the peninsula were the chief documentarys. Spanish-American War Spanish-American was another important geo-strategic enterprise that label the emergence of U. S.as an important international player. Though war marked the beginning of American Imperialism, but war itself was not caused by the imperialist or expansionist designs of Americans. The war, as Prof. Blum puts it, grew out of the deplorable conditions in Cuba and seems unacceptable to an aroused popular sentiments in the United St ates. (Blum, p. 502) Another reno3wned historian Samuel Morison consider this coiffe a totally emotional enterprise and says, no war was ever more or emotional and less economic in motives (Morison, 1982.p. 801) But his assertion on another occasion seems appropriate as it depicts that American operate was purely based on their cherished ideals of democracy and liberty. He says, This was a closer and more personal war to Americans than either world war and was their own little war for liberty and democracy against all that tyrannical, treacherous, and fetid in the Old World. (p. 802) America found an apt time and place to exercise their ideological patterns.At last the nation distinguished manifested itself as a major world power and tried to play a vital role in the broad international arrangements for the fist time. It consciously became one of the tutors of the backward nation. Under such pro-consuls as General Leonard Wood, it tried to implant their own ideology in Cuban soil and undertook huge task of psychological and material reformation, reorganizations and development in Cuba. Rosenberg says that General Wood vowed to create a polity molded closely upon lines of our great Republic. Wood brought in a host of experts to reshape Cuba. Americans assumed direction of customhouses (the major source of government revenue), controlled the countrys finances, organized a postal service, established telephone and telegraphic lines, encouraged railroads and shipping facilities, built road, carried out sanitation projectsestablished schoolsand invited young York City Police to organize their counterparts in Havana. (p. 46) All these measures were intended to Americanize the socio-cultural and economic spheres, both at the ideological and material levels.Rosenberg further says that Cuba thus became a laboratory for methods of influence that fell brusk of outright colonialism. (p. 47) But history manifested that outright colonialism and subjugation of other nat ion is an outdated phenomenon. Furthermore, direct colonialization and annexation produced resentment and sentiments of hatred among the dominated nation. So it was a not a suitable mechanism to spread the American dreams and its various ideological expressions. So American spirit for exporting their cherished ideals devised new means to have control on the other geographical territories and to mold their society on American pattern.One of such mechanisms was Howard Tafts Dollar finesse. Taft wad enthusiastic roughly the military preparedness as his predecessor Roosevelt was. He therefore used the level of American investments to boost American diplomacy. Fearing the designs of Japan in China, Taft believed that if not check over Japan would not only seize the entire North China but also freeze out American trade in the farthest East. Consequently, he supported the construction of American financed railroads in Manchuria with a view to checkmate the Japanese and to preserve the Open Door in China.He encouraged the bankers to invest their surplus in foreign areas of strategic importance to the United States, especially in the Far East and the regions that might menace the Panama Canal. He feared hat if the American investors would not come forward, investors from rival powers like Germany would make the necessary investments and gain control over the seas. But as the American capital have never been interested in making investments in Manchuria, the State Department even brought pressure on the reluctant banks to invest in this region.This new policy of Dollar diplomacy that substituted dollars for bullets was complete violation of the liberal ideological tenets of freedom of investment. Furthermore this dollar diplomacy was prompted by strategic and imperialist concerns i. e. to check the quick growing power of Japan in China instead of promotional objectives. (Nearing and Freeman, 1925) This clearly manifest that sometime during the period 1890-1945, som e strategic and defense objective overweighed the higher objective of spreading American ideology abroad and creating a new socio-economic world milieu based on American ideals.Post World War I Foreign policy and it correlation with Nationalist ideology A case Study of Germany During World War I, United States was deeply involved in the affairs of the world and allied won he victory mainly due to the support of men, money and materials they got from United States. But after the war ended, most of the American people started feeling that it was folly on their part to have entered the war because in return for what America gave to the allies, she received nothing.Consequently there was a rethinking about the foreign policy. In the meanwhile Republicans came to power in America and enunciated a new policy. Harding, the Republican President said about the new foreign policy We seek no part in directing the destinies of the worldwe are ready to associate ourselves with the nations of the world, great and small, for conference and counsel, for suggestions of mediations, conciliation and arbitration but all commitment must be made in the exercise of our national sovereignty. (Harding, 1923) It would be wrong to attribute this policy of United States as a policy of isolationism or diversion from the American mission of promoting their national ideology abroad. It can more appropriately be described as the policy of cooperation without entangling alliances. This was due to the fact that new subtle and profound international mechanisms were available that can capacitate America to act as a promotional state.A South American writer, Manuel Ugarte has set the change in American policy in these words The United States inaugurated the system of annexing wealth, apart from inhabitants or territories, disdaining outward shows in order to arrive at the essentials of domination without a dead-weight of areas to administrate and multitudes to govern (Manuel Ugarte, 1923). Eco nomic activity was one such subtle mechanism that enabled America to spread its ideology of free trade and capitalistic mode of world commercial activity.Peace was an ultimate requirement for this mechanism to work. Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover speech about the American economic activity as a tool of American foreign policy provides an important assessment abut the directions pf American foreign policy. By contributing to peace and economic stability, by the loan of our surplus savings abroad for productive purposes, by the spread f interventions over the world, we can contribute to the elevation of standards of living in foreign countries in their relations to each other. (U. S Department of Commerce, 1926)At the time of assuming office as president, Harding announced that the league issue was dead as slavery and his administration would not lead United States into the League of Nations by the side door, back door or cellar door. Yet in spite of these pronouncements Harding e as well as Coolidge were compelled to involve their country more deeply into the world arena than ever before. But this time their involvement was on a more subtle and economic level. The first such involvement was in the affairs of Europe when it concluded a peace accordance with Germany.As United States has failed to ratify the treaty of Versailles, she was legally speaking still at war with Germany. In July 1921, Congress passed a resolution by which peace was declared. By this treaty America showed its willingness to pay for the German property seized during the war. This was a subtle move as leaving Germany in a state of devastation would had resulted in self-aggrandizing consequences for America and its ideological and strategic objectives in the region. Bolshevik Russia was a logical choice for Germany if American would have created a vacuum.This meant that instead of ideals of liberalism, democracy and free trade, communism and close-economy would had have encircled the German economy and socio-cultural life. Frank Costigliola (1984) says in this regard Pacifying and rebuilding Germany was integral to containing the Bolshevik revolution Bolshevik Russia represented both a symbolic and a substantive threat to the peaceful change alternative. Most American leaders viewed the Soviet Union as revolution incarnate, despite capital of the Russian Federations caution and conservatism.If Germanys political and economic structure collapsed, its people, American feared, might in desperation forged a Russian alliance to misdirect both Versailles and capitalism. Their very opposition to revolution led Hoover, Hughes, and other American leaders to combat the French policy of rigidly enforcing Versailles, which would only build up pressures for change (p. 96) So resolution of conflicts with Germany, provision of financial, technological and material answer to uplift the German socio-economic spheres were imperative for Americans.Although these were motivated by certain strategic and political goals but ideological consideration acted as underlying theme in the whole process. This is the reason that Hughes appealed to private experts and economists to come with new strategies and theoretical framework to help Germany in its economic turmoil. Export of popular American culture through various means also helped America to spread its influences and ideology abroad. One manifestation of this soft power i. e. American culture was its film industry. It helped greatly to promote the American ideology abroad and also had effect on trade.Edward G. Lowry as early as 1925 recognized this new factor in the international relationships that has caused the flutter (Lowry, 1925. p. 12) Costigliola is of the view that war weary generation of the West looked toward technologically advanced America for cultural models and America offered its own institutions and values, or what contemporaries termed Americanism (p. 98) America colonized the European throug h their soft power especially Films and tried to inculcate their own ideological patterns in the spirit and minds of Europeans.All these evidence and arguments clearly manifest that although American foreign relation was marked with political necessities and economic concerns but ideological underpinning remained an ultimate objective. The political and economic inevitabilities were also manifestation of these ideological underpinnings For example, to influence free trade was a material expression of liberalism that originated from public-private partnership in the American history.American concerns in Philippines, Cuba and post World War I apprehensions in Germany was al amalgam of ideological requirement with geo-strategic obligations but it is also a fact that Dollar Diplomacy in Tafts era in China was solely motivated by political needs. But all these method, use of military and non-military means, acquisition of territories, participation in world economic markets, internationa lization of American culture, disarmaments agreement, all were to construct a new world order according to American ideological patterns.South American writer, Manuel Ugarte has rightly summed up the whole phenomenon in these words The flexibility of North American imperialism in its external activities, and the diverse forms which it adopts according to the circumstances, the racial composition and social conditions of the people upon which its action is exercised, is one of the most significant phenomenon of this century(p. 139) References Blum, John Morton. The National Experience. San Diego Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 1985. Connor, William P.United States annexation of the Philippines a reinterpretation. Kingston University of Rhode Island. 1972 Edward G. Lowry. Trade Follows the Film. Saturday Evening Post. 198. (November, 1925) 12-13. Frank Costigliola. U. S. heathenish Exapsion in an Era of Systematic Upheaval in Major Problems in American Foreign documents and essays. Bosto n Houghton Mifflin. 2000. Harding, Warren G. Inaugural Address. (March 4, 1921) available at Avalon Project, Yale faithfulness School. Website Hughes.Debt and German Reparations Hughes Calls on Private Experts for Help, 1922 in Major Problems in American Foreign Relations. Hunt, Michael. Ideology and U. S. Foreign Policy. Yale University Press 1988. Manuel Ugarte. The Destiny of a Continent. Catherine A. Phillips (tr. ). New York. Knopf. 1925. Merrill, Dennis & Paterson, doubting Thomas G. Major problems in American foreign relations documents and essays. Boston Houghton Mifflin. 2000. Morison, Samuel E. The Oxford History of American People. New York, Oxford University Press. 1965. Nearing, Scott& Freeman, Joseph.Dollar diplomacy a study in American imperialism. New York, B. W. Huebsch and the Viking Press. 1925. Rosenberg, Emily S. & Foner, Eric. Spreading the American Dream. New York Hill and Wang, 1982. U. S. Department of Commerce. in Major Problems in American Foreign docume nts and essays. Boston Houghton Mifflin. 2000. Volker, Karren & Zola, Jaye. The annexation of the Philippines, Denver, CO Center for training International Relations, 1999. Zimmermann,Warren. Jingoes, goo-goos, and the rise of Americas empire. The Wilson Quarterly 22. Spring 1998.

Budget and Operational Budgeting

What are the four major types of influence reckoning systems? The four types of agency budgeting systems are capitol budgeting, operational budgeting, personnel budgeting, expendables and accountable. The relative advantage between these is they progress to a need to be the foundation for the gild. These are what help the phoner as far as pay, salary and uniforms. This budgeting system allows for the company to figure out what will be needed to perform certain jobs and how many of what might be needed for an operation.Capitol Budgeting Capitol budgeting is part of an agency budget that pays for the long lasting agency asserts. This asserts include the building for which the company will work in. Durable goods also get under ones skin in under this budget which will be the equipment that has to be long lasting. These funds are treated separate from other categories of funds. Without this budget it leaves a company with no work place. There has to be a work place for the staff to come together. Operational BudgetingOperational budgeting involves the development of financial plans for the organization, typically for a year. age annual budgets need not be subdivided into shorter periods, monthly or quarterly budgets are especially useful for anticipating cash need and for comparing actual pass with plan. A comprehensive master budget requires planning for all phases of the operation. (Operational Budgeting, 2005) This budget will include salaries of the personnel that work for the company.It also cover the water bill, electric, gasoline, supplies, pestle and other expendable items that are in this category. Personnel Budgeting Personnel Budgeting is for all personnel that work for the company from office worker, field worker, and janitorial staff. This budget includes the salaries, training, medical, and all taxes withheld. This budget is important due to the company needs a staff to run operations for certain task. Then personnel also need to be adroit on how to perform the job the correct way. Expendable and responsibleExpendable is a needed budget to see what supplies will be needed. Since most law enforcement job boast tons of office work the items that this budget would cover is paper, pens, clips, and folders. This budget is used to see what is consumed. Then there is accountable this would budget the uniforms, weapons, and equipment such as scanner, and computers. Accountable budget will be looked at as for property with greater value. Personal Thoughts The four of the budgets cover in this paper run strain and hand with each other.The reason I view them as a part of each other is for the simple fact that is they are all are needs of a company. A company has to have supplies, equipment and some type of dress code such as a uniform. A budget is needed for every(prenominal) company and there are many different levels that a company must budget on from putting their needs first to then what the company might want. At some p oint and time a budget can be gone over meaning that there might have been more training need or more paper used due to more reports need to be done that why I covered the expendables and accountable.

Is Climate Change Man Made Environmental Sciences Essay

Bushnell ( 2010 ) states that Carbon dioxide degrees are now greater than at any clip in the past 650,000 old ages and retrieve terrene temperature is keeping its lifting tendency. Similarly, Human activities has released plenty C to raise the temperature of the Earth about 1 grade over the last century ( Alterman, 2006 ) . Our planet is tattle a clime revolution headed by temperature additions. Climate transmutation is going a serious job all over the universe. It is genuinely a planetary issue that impacts on all persons irrespective of nationality, gender or wealth. In recent old ages, human often take the effects for clime registration with blood and cryings. DeWeerdt ( 2007 ) believes that the duty for 150,000 extra deceases annually due to utmost conditionss was climate alteration. Climate alteration, as a worldwide job, bit by bit poses a menace to life of human Begins. Glacial extirpation, sea degree rise, reduced harvests, extreme conditions, species extinctiona It is human being that should be blamed non the nature because clime alteration is semisynthetic. This essay is to explicate that planetary clime is warming and this alteration is caused by human activities which are emanations from fossil arouse burning, inordinate region practice session and universe growing.Any alteration in the conditions forms of an country which is long-run and important particularly warming is climate alteration ( Dictionary.com, 2011 ) .The most of import ground of clime alteration is ignition system of fossil fuel. As all known that burning of scorch and gasolene can bring forth C dioxide and opposite nursery gas. profuse measure of nursery gas impart barricade the heat exchange between the Earth and ambiance, which bit by bit terminations in planetary heating. Although mint realized this a long clip ago, the demand of coal has neer decreased. Today, coal-burning power mills generate the bulk of electricity in the United States ( 48 per centum ) , foll owed by essential gas ( 22 per centum ) , atomic ( 19 per centum ) and renewables ( 9 per centum ) ( Kliesch, 2011 ) . For illustration, China, the biggest manufacturer of coal in the universe which generates more than 70 % of its electricity with coal has turned to foreigner providers because domestic help supply can non fulfill immense demand ( Anonymous, 2011 ) . Besides, gasolene for autos is another subscriber to planetary heating. As electricity autos will go on meet challenges, the huge bulk autos daily used by people consume gasolene. One typical auto emits 11,740 lbs of C dioxide per twelvemonth, but the bad intelligence is carbon dioxide can non be minimized through the emission-control system in autos ( Kliesch, 2011 ) . In decision, human productive activities rely on fogey fuel, limitless burning regardless of its consequence on planetary clime eventually result in a heating clime.Littorals ( 2009 ) suggests that manage of trim down usage is besides required to re strict emanation of C dioxide every bit good as burning of fossil fuel. Excessive land usage is the other ground of clime alteration. It is by and large known that oceans and workss take CO2 from atmosphere. As explained by Hoogeveen ( 2007 ) , oceans absorb CO2 since it is soluble in H2O workss and trees study CO2 due to photosynthesis and carry it in signifier of efficiency- a procedure named as C segregation . To be more precise, 60 % of CO2 emitted by human activities is absorbed by oceans and workss. However world is interrupting the C rhythm, the delicate balanced system what C exchanged through land, H2O and air ( Alterman, 2006 ) . emission of C dioxide is increasing while land area of woods is cut downing. There is increasing grounds that woods are under force per building block area ( Hoogeveen, 2007 ) . Thousands of square kilometers of woods disappears and so go paper merely to fulfill limitless human wants. Rivers can non last as more land for skyscraper is neede d. Hoogeveen ( 2007 ) states that as a consequence of deforestation and fire, devastation of woods adds one million millions of metric tons of C into atmosphere every twelvemonth. Thus, inordinate land usage has impacts on planetary clime alteration.Population growing is the 3rd ground of clime alteration. Rapid population growing leads to higher ingestion of natural resources and pollutant emanation. With increasing consciousness on planetary heating and its chief perpetrator, C dioxide emanations, population growing is deriving attending of climatologists. Petroleum, one of the beginnings used for generates electricity, gives off a batch of pollution. Watching Television, utilizing air-condition, play picture gamesawhen people do these things more nursery gas is sent to the air. Froome ( 2010 ) believes that as seeking to run into both domestic and international emanation decrease, the electricity sector is the most critical beginning of nursery gas emanation in Australia. Since p opulation additions quickly, more electricity is demanded. That is to state, thither is more C dioxide emitted into the air to fulfill increasing electricity demand due to population growing. Besides, more refuse is sent to landfills because of increasing population. The procedure of firing refuse sends an tremendous sum of nursery gas and makes planetary warming worse. Wolpin ( 2006 ) states that the entire sum of waste generated have been lifting greatly as a consequence of increasing population. In drumhead, population growing should be considered as a of import cause.However, there are still some natural component may ensue in clime alteration such as home base tectonics, solar end product, orbital fluctuations, volcanism and ocean variableness. But this can non be alibis of world. It is human being should be responsible for planetary clime alteration.Global clime alteration which has caused a batch of catastrophes on the Earth is semisynthetic. Emissions from fossil fuel burni ng, inordinate land usage and population growing are the major factors can ensue in clime alteration. Finally the universe gathered in Copenhagen to discourse how much C dioxide people should be seting into the ambiance. Time is running out, human should move from right now. developing environmental direction engineerings, utilizing clean energy and puting up comparative Torahs are all executable ways to stabilise clime alteration.

MBA Industry and Porter’s Five Forces Essay

MBA Industry The MBA school industry includes universities and colleges that offer academic courses and grant fine-tune degrees. The general requirement for admission is a bachelors degree and GMAT scores. Some schools and programs also require prior employment experience. Instruction is typically provided on physical campuses, although online education and other unconventional approaches are gaining popularity. For purposes of this paper, for-profit institutions or community colleges are not included in the industry definition. The major forces that affect MBA commercialise are competition between public and private business schools, buyers of business education including two students and employers, faculty as the key suppliers to the industry, and substitutes in the forms of alternative centre of delivering graduate business education. Porter suggests that evaluation of these forces will provide insights into the prospects for long-range profitability1. Competition The MBA mark et in the United States is an unregulated industry that allows schools to develop their possess distinctive styles and personalities, and to define their own missions5.B-Schools consider it their mission to educate and research, but search intense pressure of managing faculty issues, finding new funding sources and distinguishing themselves from competitors9, highlight the most prominent areas within this category cost, revenues, and news report. Reputation is differentiated by rankings and accreditations, specializations and regional focus and flexibility10. Rankings drive how students, faculty, and employers perceive the MBA program. In turn, how students, faculty, and employers perceive the MBA program drives rankings, resulting in developing a brand name for universities, leading schools to expend vast resources in pursuit of being highly ranked or even ranked at all8. The significant costs associated with business education have left room for competitive entry by low cost pr oviders. B-Schools now face the reality that they must compete with the low-cost providers who can turn a profit because they are not burdened with the high fixed costs of the bricks and howitzer university4. As tuition alone will not cover the costs of running an MBA program, funding is usually sourced from donations from alumni.Most successful schools are usually ones okay by alumni that are willing and able to give back to their almamaters. Suppliers The most important suppliers to the MBA industry are the business school faculty who fill the teaching, research, and administrative roles with any MBA program. There is an increasing demand for qualified business faculty, while simultaneously there is a stagnating or decreasing supply of such faculty. As the pool of high quality, freshly minted Ph.D.s is diminishing competition for associate and assistant professors is increasing. Institutions that can afford to bid are becoming more bellicose in recruiting faculty from other sch ools, inflating salaries beyond what some can afford10. Rising salaries for new hires has encouraged experienced faculty to move to different institutions to receive apply raises of their own, and thus the market continues to stay extremely competitive. Buyers The buyers of graduate management education are either the students, employers, or both.With respect to the power of student as buyers, both the MBA programs and the students possess some leverage. There is obviously significant demand for the MBA degree from students because they believe that it will enable them to receive greater opportunities in their career, receive a higher salary, or launch them into a new career7. Employer preferences have a significant effect on market for MBAs. The employers demand for MBAs dictates the job accessibility and salary range, which is proportional to demand for MBAs. Employers are always seeking the best value to raise their companys arrangeance by enhancing employees abilities. What e mployers define as benefit, however, can range from training, which raises employee efficiency to higher-level education, which emphasizes critical thinking and complex problem solving skills. Substitutes Most participants do not enter to challenge industry leading but to offer tailored programs that appeal to sub-sets of their prospective students. Top-ranked business schools have little need to worry about substitutes. Consumer demand for the Top brand MBA will always outpace the supply.The same threat to mid and lower tier schools, however, is real. The online and distance learning schools target the same students that would otherwise attend these schools forcing the lower tiered schools to diversify their offerings6. Barriers to Entry The main barriers to entry for new entrants in MBA industry are infrastructure costs, attracting and retaining good faculty, and gaining accreditation for courses. Schools must have a solid reputation to charge more tuition to attract students and afford goodprofessors that produce strong results among students. Furthermore, it can cost a significant amount of capital to perform research projects, which enable a school to build specialized facilities and can also contribute to a strong reputation. While public schools rely on public funds for financial aid, a large endowment is essential for many institutions.

Bani Yas Island

United Arab Emirates has a fruitful biography since its pieceing as superstar and only(a) nation. This nation was originally composed of tribal groups along the territory at heart the Gulf of Persian the Oman Gulf. This country was converted into Islam in the year 600 A. D. Long in front that, in that location were archaeological evidences that Christianity enlarged in this Muslim nation, as shown by many an another(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) relics proving that claim. One token island named Bani Yas possesses some of these artifacts that were discovered by many scientists exploring for ancient traces.Moreover, they fix out the natural beauty of the island and explored its abundant possibilities to become one of the beautiful tourist spots in the world. After that discovery, many investors were invited to see the potential of the Bani Yas Island. They grocery the place in its bounty with regards to wildlife and natural re germs. According to these great deal, Bani Yas I sland has one of the greatest potential in ecological tourism. The Bani Yas Island can be located near 270 miles air jacket of Abu Dhabi. It was highly regarded as one of the most prominent and greatly honored ethnic musics in the southern part of Arabia.Its place in history began when a person named Yas Bin allowed separate tribes to join their clan in order to establish more security and power. Those tribes joined Yas Bins tribe to secure their synonymous clans since Yas Bins tribe was so powerful then in term s of its military force. Because of that, Bani Yas became the largest tribe in the emirates nation. They do up of approximately 20 clans. They settled on Abu Dhabi on the year 1793. Form this tribe came the present leaders of Abu Dhabi. These people usually spent their summer with other members of the tribe by hunting pearls using boats.When winter comes, they spent their time in the desert with their camels. In appendage to this, this tribe was the first to acquire valuable lands that ultimately became one of the causes of many disputes of other states. In the year 1833, a prominent faction of the Bani Yas tribe went to Dubai and eventually became the ruler of that place. This leadership lineage continued up to the present day. With respect with the other subsections of the Bani Yas tribe, some clan thrived by fishing and hunting of pearls while others ventured on planting crops. Some tribes focused on the camel spurt or rearing goats and sheep for living.Other subsections focused on trading goods with other foreign tribes. After a certain period, many archaeologists made an exploration on the alleged(a) location of the former tribe Bani Yas. This exploration was executed in the year 1992 where those who led the site investigation found several discoveries. They found relics of the tools used by the people of the Bani Yas tribe and other important things related to their way of living during their existence. In the year 1993, other excav ation was initiated and found more relevant info about the Bani Yas people.They made more than thirty site divisions during the whole exploration process. In some of the sites they explored, they discovered that long before Islam captured the tribes ghostlike association, there atomic number 18 traces of a Christian church built in that bea. They found relics of a monastery, a clear recitation that a church was established before Bani Yas embraced the Islam religion. Furthermore, they alike acquired evidences of other cultures in other key sites that might have affected the norms of the people who are living in that era. The rich history of the Bani Yas can also be associated with its natural resources.In terms of its reserves, the place can be said to have plenty of such gifts from nature. The island is proliferated by mountains, which resembles the shape of a cone. Slightly inclined plains along with numerous mangroves on the sides then surround these mountains. With these , a small wharf can be found along the shoreline of the island. The leaders that have this jurisdiction over this territory develop these beautiful sights further. The island also possesses a the great unwashed of wildlife diversity within its office. Various species of animals and birds can be found thriving in the island of Bani Yas.Animals like gazelle and Oryx can be found roaming freely in that area. Before, these animals were supposed to be endangered but because of the travails of the people prudent in the development of the area, these species has grown in number. Other species originated form other countries can also be found living in the Bani Yas island. Moreover, the island eventually became one of the homes of various migratory birds coming form other places on the planet. Birds like flamingos take their shelter in the mangroves that can be found in the island.Others thrive in lagoons and other places that these birds nests. An artificial lake was constructed also and became the primary attraction for numerous types of ducks in the area. Other species of birds also thrives in the region, fashioning a clear indication of its natural beauty and habitat for wildlife. Pastures are being dominated by many species of deer and other fowls like peacock and others. Attractive insects can also be found in the region enjoying the trees planted in the island of Bani Yas. Such attractive insects are responsible for more beauty in the nature and the dimension in the ecosystem.As a result, more beautiful flowers blooms around the island, and fruits are also abundant in the region. From being a desert, the leader occupying the island made wondrous collide with over on the island, making it more attractive to both animals and even humans who visited the place. He made plantations and fruit bearing trees thriving in the island because of his tenacious efforts to develop the area. With regards to the potential of the island as a tourist spot, more consisten cy the maintenance of the island is needed, knowing that the island was a desert before.Ecotourism is not usual for regions particularly in the Middle East region but with this island, it would be possible to have a good resort within the region. As uttermost as the implications are concerned, authorities should be alarmed that since the Bani Yas was a desolate place before, they should put more efforts in maintaining the ecosystem they established in the region. As far as the potentials of the island is concerned, there are a lot of prospective in the island of Bani Yas. One of its great features is that it offers tourists with the opportunities to experience safari adventures, and snorkeling.The visitors of this island can experience full recreation with nature and its wellbeing of full relaxation. Since its development is a clear breakthrough in the field of establishing ecosystems out of a desolated island, this place exit surely look on a lot of interests for many people an d scholars as well. Another key feature of the island is its richness in cultural heritage with those who once lived there in the island of Bani Yas. As discussed on the previous statements above, people who lived in this island possessed interesting details on their way of living and their circumstances in life.Relics found on this island would surely catch more attentions on people who are inclined with digging ancient things from the people of the past. The discovery of traces resembling Christian institution in a Muslim-dominated region is another mystery that lead attract more scholars and ordinary people in finding facts about the history of the Bani Yas tribe. With regards to its ambience, Bani Yas Island can offer a new prospect for those who lived in the desert for a long time. They leave experience living with nature, which is not available on people thriving in the Arabian region.This will definitely give an embrace of new culture in natures aspect for people who would like to try living in a serene island with a bear on ecosystem in its surroundings. The developers of this island constructed different establishments, which will provide more relaxation and recreation on the part of the prospective visitors. One particular structure that was built in the island to cater its visitors is the resort spa. The structure is intended for those who would like to avail of spa services and hotel accommodations.The building consists of more than 60 dwell for tourists who would like to stay in the island. This would offer visitors to avail of this good service while in the island, making it more exciting for many tourists that will be visiting the site. For those who want to conduct camps, group dynamics and other activities, the island can arranged these features in a better setting which is inside nature landscapes and other beautiful sites in the region. For those who love experiencing wildlife adventures, Bani Yas offers this authentic approach in deali ng with these demands.Tourists can experience this interaction with animals similar to other safari sites. The developers of the island made a sanctuary for plants and animals to maintain the balance in the ecosystem. Such endangered species already found their homes in the island, a clear indication of the islands readiness to be a wildlife sanctuary for diversified animal species. The people responsible for the development of this island also built specialized centers that focus on taking care of the plants and animals within the region.This center also conducts researches on how to improve further the current setting of nature in the island. Sustained development is also vital in the work being conducted in the center because this will ensure the good setting of the structures that were built in the island. For birds, they continually place mangroves and other habitats that can attract many species of birds to live in the island. Because of these efforts, many migratory birds hav e found home on this strategic place. They also established waterways, which are critical in maintaining the aim of various animal and bird species in the island.Another big labour being established in the Bani Yas Island is the continuous research and development on building structures that will utilize renewable energies as the primary source of energy in the island. This exploration will surely provide more sustainability in the island since the power source will not depend on coals and petrochemicals. It is a given fact that utilizing these as fuels will degrade the air quality of a particular place, making it hazardous to anyone that will be exposed into it.The island developers realize the relevance of maintaining a good ecosystem by utilizing renewable fuels like solar and wind energies. Putting up solar panels in strategic locations and windmills in the island are the priorities of the developers of the island with regards to the power plant constructions are concerned. On ce these renewable energy factories are established in the region, there will be a lot more people who will be interested in visiting the place. This would also take its place in the history as one of the beautiful places in the world utilizing green energies.The worlds recognition will also be given to the island for its effort in utilizing clean energy sources and being one of the few tourist destinations that implemented such policies in the field of energy utilization. Furthermore, there are far more expansion that should be emphasized as far as the Bani Yas Island is concerned. One particular highlight in the island is its continuing expansion in its brink resorts. This would on the loose(p) more spaces available for people who would want to enjoy the scenery of the beachfronts.Another development that must be underlined is its continuous expansion on the wildlife parks that will provide more rooms for other animals to roam around the area. Such expansion would encourage prol iferation of more animals as well as on other species. Another highlight on the island is the establishment of its own safari park where various animals can interact with people who wish them to see these creatures in motion. A farm was also established and will continue to expand this structure for a more sustainable energy source for the island.In addition to that, the development of more hotel buildings which can be classified as one of the best in the Asian region are being prioritized to accommodate the needs of the tourists and even other Arab people. These would also attract prominent individuals to visit the island because of the best hotels that are being established in the Bani Yas island. Commercial establishments are also being developed and expand like shopping malls, fine dining restaurants, campsites, and other amenities that they can offer to the people.Putting up of residential homes is also being developed in the region to provide for those who would like to stay n ear the beautiful expanse of the island. Such townhouses, condominiums will surely add more attraction to other prominent people who would choose to stay in the region. For those who are fond with the excavation and explorations of ancient articles, the island also continue to increase its archaeological sites to serve the needs of those who are venturing with the reputation of the islands heritage.Current development in the Bani Yas Island includes the start of wind turbine system that provides power in the area. Even though this may not be enough to bring up the whole energy needs of the island, the developers are looking for more of these implementation to fulfill their target of having a one hundred percent dependence on the renewable energy factories. Another recent development is that the island will be open to daily visitors for them to witness the beauty of this island by the year 2009(Gulfnews, 2008). Up to now, the island is open only for hotel guests and not for just s pectators or island visits only.The development of the island of Bani Yas will also generate more than 60,000 employment opportunities once the operation started in full. The corresponding groups are also prioritizing coastal development in the island by carefully examining the topography of the area. This group of people provided a scale model which simulates the actual scenario of what would it be once the developed coastal shorelines are placed. They made physical modeling and wave simulation in studying the appropriate construction of the coastal lines around the island.The groups are placing a mixture of soil and textile material in putting up developments in the shorelines. According to the concerned group, this mixture of materials is better than using pure cover in the coastal line construction in terms of its flexibility in the waves being thrown by the bodies of water surrounding the Bani Yas island. With regards to the evaluation of the benefits of the island as a future destination of many nature lovers and prominent people, it can be said that Bani Yas has the full potential in terms of its nature expanse and established structures.Benefits can be enumerated in several ways. One of the benefits that can be provided by this island is the fact that they made a legacy for the next Arab generation. With the sustained development of the region, Bani Yas will continue to inspire other people to venture on creating their own plantation and wildlife park in the middle of a desert. Before, it was out of the question to put up diversified species of plants and animals to thrive in a desert island because of its limitation in terms of water availability and soil composition.Bani Yas project made the impossible to be possible and created a lot of avenues in research about taking care of nature and its resources. Another great benefit of this project is on the tourism industry of the country. With the beauty being shown in the islands, there will be high dem and for local and foreign visitors to go to Bani Yas Island. The investments through with(p) by the leader of the region will surely bring good returns in the future considering the high potential in tourism and real state.In addition to that, the advantage of having revenues in tourism industry will open more jobs for local residents and other nationalities as well. In the near future, more profits will be enjoyed through sustained development of the island. More than pecuniary matters, the island will contribute a lot to the advocacies of many nations today to use clean energies in supplying power in their respective states. Bani Yas can serve as a role model for other communities in implementing such actions to initiate the practice session of renewable sources of energy like solar and wind energy.

Dengue Fever and Mosquito Repellent Lotion

dengue fever is an infection ca apply by a virus. You piece of tail flow come out of the closet it if an infected mosquito bites you. It does not spread from person to person. It is a tropical disease and is commonly spread during rainy seasons. In the Philippine, dengue is reported as one of the leading causes of childhood hospitalizations. And even Adults with weak immune system be not safe with this virus. Different researches were already conducted and be still on process to find new ways on how to whole solve this dreadful virus. Some researchers ar working on making a vaccine that would immune the body against it.Insect fouled on the other exceed are one of the preventive measures that would decrease the risk of getting insect-bourne diseases much(prenominal) as malaria and dengue which are brought to the highest degree by mosquitos. An insect foul-smelling is a substance applied to scrape, clothing, or other surfaces which discourages insects (and arthropods in general) from landing or climbing on that surface. They are commercially sold and employ. Mosquito repellent may capture in the form of lotion, Oil, bar, soap, fabric conditioner, spray and the like.Some are chemically made and the others are made out of organic materials that possesses insect repellent properties like git grass, orange and rosemary to name a few. They are all garden deedss and most likely available in every garden settings. This study is rivet on the use of Calendula officinalis or commonly known as Marigold and Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) in the form of insect repellent applications programme, specifically, against the harmful bite of the known notes of mosquito within the genus Aedes, or principally known as Aedes aegypti which are the dengue virus carrier.Why applications programme? Lotion is medicated ointment which is spread on the peel off(Pharmacology) cream, liquifiable breeding for beautifying or soothing the skin (Wikipedia English ). Lotion are widely utilise for cosmetics and even medicinal purposes. Someone can actually better it throughout the day leaving the skin protected from different harmful factors. Skin is the only part of the body that is most vulnerable to mosquito exposure. If a mosquito repellent is applied on skin, it will discourage mosquitos and bugs from landing on it, making the person at low risk of getting the dengue virus.Statement of the Problem The of import objective of this investigatory project is to acquire an Insect repellent lotion, specifically, Mosquito repellent lotion made from the combination of inf employ Marigold and rosemary anoint mixed with base lotion with the same effectiveness compare to over the counter Mosquito repellent lotion. Specifically it sought to meet the following objectivesTo test the effectiveness of Marigold, Rosemary infused Mosquito repellent lotion in terms ofMosquito repellent effectiveness.Odour Moisturizing effect.Lasting effect ( including the number of mosquito bite after application).Texture on the skin Significance of the studyThere is nothing we can do to stop mosquito from imbibe onto their prey. This is their only way of survival. They carry insect Bourne diseases like malaria and dengue virus which are very dangerous once they pass water passed it to military personnel body. Dengue Symptoms include a high fever, business organizations, joint and muscle pain, vomiting, and a rash. In some cases, dengue turns into dengue haemorrhagic fever, which causes bleeding from your nose, gums, or under your skin.It can overly become dengue shock syndrome, which causes massive bleeding and shock. These forms of dengue are life-threatening. There is no specific treatment. Most people with dengue happen within 2 weeks. Until then, drinking lots of fluids, resting and taking non-aspirin fever-reducing medicines might help. People with the more severe forms of dengue usually need to go to the hospital and get fluids. In our c ountry, everyone is familiar with this kind of disease. Most of its victims are children from schools or houses from rural to urban places being exposed to mosquito carrying dengue.It has already taken umteen lives which might deem been prevented if most people were properly oriented bout mosquitos behaviour and on how they could destroy and eliminate them for the safety of everyone. There are lots of preventive measures which are effective and safe like using mosquito repellen lotion that makes mosquitoes repel on your skin taking you out from the high risk of dengue infection. The feasibility of plant material specifically marigold and rosemary as an effective Mosquito repellent lotion is safe, easy to prepare, timely and economically.Scope and LimitationThis study is particular with the use and effects of Marigold and Rosemary which are readily available in the community or any part of the country because they are widely use as farm plants or retainer plants for moderniseing crops. The investigatory project was done at Pampanga Agricultural College. Tests, experimentations and discussions were under the supervision of PROF. REGINA D. LORIA. Questionnaires were used and responseed to get the survey of the effectiveness of the study. Review of Related writings Extracts from In a Nutshell Marigold by Jill Rosemary DaviesA popular garden plant, Marigold has been valued for many centuries for its exceptional healing powers and is particularly remarkable in the treatment of wounds. When used for medicinal purposes, it is commonly referred to as Calendula. In appearance, Marigold looks like a large yellow or orange coloured daisy, each floret being about ? (1. 25cm) retentive. A hardy annual, the plant produces its bright flowers throughout the summer and the flower heads may grow up to 3 (7cm) in diameter. Marigolds simple fruits are almost curled in the middle of the flower head, almost in the form of a ring.Hence in Germany, its common name is ringelblu me, meaning ringed flower. The plant grows to a height of approximately 20-28 (50-70cm). The stem is erect and branched, bearing alternate, light green, lance-shaped leaves and both stem and leaves are covered with fine hair. Marigold is described by some as without a marked scent, but others find its odour rather heavy, while its taste is bitter. Calendula officinalis, the botanical name, originates from the Latin word calends (which comes from calare, to call). A History of HealingMarigold has a long history of medicinal use, stretching back to the Romans and the ancient Greeks, who drank Marigold tea to relieve nervous tension and sleeplessness. It has also been used in cooking, dying cloth and skin care and was a well-known symbol of good luck. Ancient Uses and Folklore Originally a native plant of ancient Egypt, and first introduced into Britain by the Romans, Marigold is one of the soonest cultivated flowers. It was also known to the ancient Greeks, who used its petals for de coration, to colour foods and cosmetics and as a material dye, in addition to its medicinal uses.An infusion of the herb was intoxicated to alleviate the symptoms of nervous tension and to prevent sleepless nights. Marigold has been cultivated in European gardens since about the 12th century. By the 14th century, the plant had become empower with almost magical powers. A medieval author called Macer, who described Marigold in his Herbal, thought that merely to look at it would improve eyesight and draw out evil humours from the headHow Marigold can helpIdeal of healing cuts, scrapes, lacerations, surgical wounds and scars, downhearted infected wounds, animal bites and scratches.Useful for skin conditions such as acne, shingles, chickenpox, dermatitis, eczema sores, impetigo spots and other systemic fungal, bacterial and viral conditions.An effective promote to healing minor first degree burns, such as sunburn.Helps to soothe bee, wasp and insect stings.An aid to healing cold sor es.An antiseptic remedy for mouth and throat infections.Soothes toothache.Has a wide number of uses in childbirth, including the healing of episiotomies. Relieves sore nipples in nursing mothers.Ideal for complaints such as candida, leucorrhea and trichomoniasis.A safe remedy for babies complaints, such as diaper rash or an inflamed navel or penis. Antiseptic action helps speed childrens retrieval from mumps and measles. A useful remedy for bruises.An excellent treatment for varicose veins and ulcers. (http//www. herbs-hands-healing. co. uk/books/online-books/in-a-nutshell-marigold-calendula-officinalis) Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn. ) is a common dense, evergreen, aromatic shrub grown in many parts of the world. Historically, rosemary has been used as a medicinal agent to treat renal colic and dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation).It has also been used to relieve symptoms caused by respiratory disorders and to stimulate the growth of hair. Traditionally, rosemary has been us ed for improving memory, and has been a symbol of remembrance and friendship for centuries. In Morocco, rosemary has been used to treat diabetes and hypertension (high occupation pressure). The most researched constituents of rosemary are caffeic acid and its derivative rosmarinic acid. These compounds are thought to have antioxidant effects and are being studied as potential therapies for cancer, hepatotoxicity (liver toxicity), and incendiary conditions.Currently, available studies show some promise for rosemary in the treatment of anxiety/ emphasize (aromatherapy) and alopecia (hair loss). Current cosmetic uses of rosemary include treating cellulite and wrinkles, and normalizing excessive oil secretion of the skin. Germanys Commission E has ap turn out rosemary leaf for treatment of dyspepsia and rosemary oil (used externally) for joint pain and poor circulation. Evidence These uses have been tested in humans or animals. Safety and effectiveness have not always been proven.Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a answer healthcare provider. Alopecia areata (hair loss) Rosemary oil is reported to increase circulation and possibly promote hair growth in patients with alopecia areata. Additional study is warranted to confirm these findings. Anxiety/stress Rosemary extract is frequently used in aromatherapy for treatment of a variety of conditions, including anxiety, mood enhancement, alteration of pain perception, and to increase alertness.Early study has shown benefit in reducing stress levels and increasing alertness. More study is needed to draw a firm recommendation. Tradition The below uses are based on tradition, scientific theories, or limited research. They often have not been thoroughly tested in humans, and safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider. There may be other proposed uses that are not listed below.Abortifacient, air purifier, analgesic (pain reliever), parasiticidal (expels worms), antiaging, antibacterial, anticoagulant ( rail line-thinning), antifungal, antioxidant, antispasmodic, appetite stimulation, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), baldness, bronchial asthma, cancer prevention, cataracts, colic, dandruff, diaphoretic (promotes sweating), diuretic, drug withdrawal (morphine), dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation), dyspepsia (upset stomach), gout, hepatoprotection (liver protection), HIV infection, hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), hyperglycemia, hypertension (high blood pressure), immunostimulation, inflammation, ischemic gist disease, joint pain, lice, liver cirrhosis, memory enhancement, muscle relaxant (smooth muscle), nerve regeneration, osteoporosis, paralysis, peptic ulcer disease, peripheral vascular disease, photoprotection, poor circulation, preservative, quality of life, renal colic, respiratory disorders, rheumatism, skin car e (cosmetic), skin conditions (excessive oil secretion of the skin, cellulite), sperm motility, tonic, wound healing, wrinkle preventionCatnip, marigolds, and rosemary are other popular and familiar mosquito repellent plants. These herbs are seraphic with oils that mosquitoes and other bugs find unattractive. The insects avoid the plants, which hopefully translates to a reduced mosquito population in the immediate area. Catnip is a perennial herb that will come back year after year, while marigolds are annual and mustiness be implanted fresh each spring. Rosemary is a tropical plant, and it must be brought indoors during the cooler weather. The mosquito plant was designed by a Dutch botanist, who combined the mosquito repellent properties of citronella with a geranium.The result was a compact, easy to grow indoor/outdoor plant that smells of citronella, yet is ideal for the home garden. The mosquito plant requires full sun and well-drained soil. Like rosemary, it must be brought indoors during the winter, as it cannot can frost and low temperatures. In addition to providing a barrier outdoors in the garden or patio, mosquito repellent plants can also be saturnine into a natural bug spray. An individual can pick the leaves, flowers, and stems of the plants and crush them to release the oils. The foliage can then be mixed with alcohol, body oil, or rice vinegar, and applied to the skin. (Piontek A. 2013 What Are the Different Types of Mosquito puckish Plants?Definition of Terms 1. Marigold-Any of about 30 species of annual herbaceous plants that make up the genus Tagetes in the heterogeneous family, native to southwestern North America. -The name also refers to the pot marigold (calendula) and unrelated plants of several families. Marigolds include popular garden ornamentals such as African marigold (T. erecta) and cut marigold (T. patula), which have solitary or clustered red, orange, and yellow flowers and usually finely cut leaves. Because the strongl y scented leaves discourage insect pests, marigolds are often planted among vegetable crops. 2.Rosemary-Small perennial evergreen shrub (Rosmarinus officinalis) of the mint family whose leaves are used to flavour a wide variety of food. -The bush grows 37. 5 ft (12. 3 m) tall and has short linear leaves that resemble curved pine needles, dark green and shiny above, white beneath. Bluish flowers grow in small clusters. Bees are particularly fond of rosemary. In ancient times rosemary was believed to strengthen memory in literature and folklore it is an emblem of remembrance and fidelity. Native to the Mediterranean, it has been conventional throughout Europe and temperate America. 2007 Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc. 3. Virus-Microscopic, simple infectious agent that can multiply only in living cells of animals, plants, or bacteria.Viruses are much smaller than bacteria and consist of a single-or double-stranded nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein shell called a capsid some viruses also have an outermost envelope composed of lipids and proteins. They vary in shape. The two main classes are RNA viruses (see retrovirus) and DNA viruses. Outside of a living cell, a virus is an dormant(ip) particle, but within an appropriate host cell it becomes active, capable of taking over the cells metabolic machinery for the production of new virus particles (virions). Some animal viruses produce latent infections, in which the virus persists in a quiet state, becoming periodically active in acute episodes, as in the case of the herpes simplex virus.An animal can respond to a viral infection in various ways, including fever, secretion of interferon, and attack by the immune system. Many human diseases, including influenza, the common cold, and AIDS, as well as many economically important plant and animal diseases, are caused by viruses. Successful vaccines have been developed to besiege such viral diseases as measles, mumps, poliomyelitis, smallpox, and rubel la. Drug therapy is generally not useful in controlling established viral infections, since drugs that inhibit viral development also inhibit the functions of the host cell. See also adenovirus arbovirus bacteriophage picornavirus plant virus poxvirus.Dengue-or breakbone fever or dandy feverInfectious, disabling mosquito-borne fever. Other symptoms include extremum joint pain and stiffness, intense pain behind the eyes, a return of fever after brief pause, and a characteristic rash. Dengue is caused by a virus carried by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, usually A. aegypti, which also carries yellow fever. There are four strains of virus infection with one type does not confer unsusceptibility to the remaining three. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms. Patients should be isolated during the first three days, when mosquitoes can pick up the disease from them. Prevention relies on mosquito control.Malaria-A serious retroversion infection caused by protozoa of the genus malaria pa rasite (see plasmodium), transmitted by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Known since before the 5th century BC, it occurs in tropical and subtropic regions near swamps. The roles of the mosquito and the parasite were proved in the early 20th century. Annual cases worldwide are estimated at 250 million and deaths at 2 million. Malaria from different Plasmodium species differs in severity, mortality, and geographic distribution. The parasites have an extremely complex life cycle in one stage they develop synchronously inside red blood cells. Their mass fissions at 48-or 72-hour intervals cause attacks lasting 410 hours.Shaking and chills are followed by fever of up to 105 F (40.6 C), with severe headache and then profuse sweating as temperature returns to normal. Patients often have anemia, spleen enlargement, and general weakness. Complications can be fatal. Malaria is diagnosed by detecting the parasites in blood. Quinine was long used to alleviate the fevers. Synthetic drugs, su ch as chloroquine, destroy the parasites in blood cells, but many strains are now resistant. Carriers of a gene for a haemoglobinopathy have natural resistance. Malaria prevention requires preventing mosquito bites eliminating mosquito breeding places and using insecticides or natural predators, window screens, netting, and insect repellent. See also protozoal disease.Mosquito-two-winged insect whose female has a long proboscis to pierce the skin and suck the blood of humans and animals(hypernym) dipterous insect, two-winged insects, dipteran, dipteron(hyponym) gnat(member-holonym) Culicidae, family Culicidae 2007 Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc. 7. Lotion-medicated ointment which is spread on the skin (Pharmacology) cream, liquid preparation for beautifying or soothing the skin Wikipedia English The Free Encyclopedia. Methodology Collection of Plant Materials Sample plant materials were gathered at Alternative Low scuttlebutt agricultural System(ALIAS) at Pampanga Agricultural Colle ge, Magalang Pampanga.Quality leaves of Marigold and Rosemary were cut from the area to be used for the making of Mosquito repellent. Plant samples were thoroughly washed with distilled water and air dried. conceptualisation of the Marigold-Rosemary Mosquito Repellent Lotion 20 grams of air dried Rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis) and 20 grams of air dried Marigold leaves (Calendula officinalis) were separately diffused using two beakers each containing nose candy ml of Mineral oil (one of the processes of extracting Essential oils from plants, known as Oil Diffusion Method. ) with the use of heat source, so as to my experiment I used oil lamp and tripod. Oil solutions obtain from both processes were filtered using filter paper and left alone to cool.To make the obtained oils from the extraction a material that can be used for the application for skin, I used base lotion that would carry out the active components of marigold and rosemary extracts with it, making it a mosquit o repellent Lotion. Base lotions are sold on the market. Commercial fragrance free lotions are also possible to be used as base lotion. Extracted oils from the sample plants were gently and lento added with continuous stirring to a 600 ml Base lotion. After the extracted essential oils and base lotion were completely mixed, they were put to clean containers and were labelled as Marigold-Rosemary Mosquito Repellent Lotion Determination of its Effectiveness.To determine the effectiveness of the Marigold-Rosemary Mosquito Repellent Lotion, volunteers were asked to test the product . Five to ten (5-10) respondents, each will be given Marigold-Rosemary Mosquito Repellent Lotion that they will use for its purpose and a table/questionnaire to be answered by the respondents concerning about the effectiveness of it. The questionnaire comprised the questions pertaining to its odour lasting power or time of reapplications mosquito repellent effects and other relative observations which are n ot related to its main purpose its texture as applied to skin and personal comments. All results and answer will be treated fairly and will be accepted as part of the general result and experiment.Analysis and observation of data will be the main priority. Results and Discussion 1-Very not satisfied/effective2- non Satisfied/effective3- Satisfied/effective4- Very Satisfied/effective By average 1-Very not satisfied/effective2- Not Satisfied/effective3- Satisfied/effective4- Very Satisfied/effective The data gathered shows that by average Rosemary-Marigold mosquito repellent Lotion obtained a satisfactory rate with regards to its boilers suit effectiveness. Nine respondents tested the products and by analysing the data- its odor, lasting effect, mosquito repellent effect and Texture to the skin got mean average of 2. 57, 3. 28, 3. 20 and 3. 11 respectively.Conclusion and RecommendationFrom the light of the findings, data proved that the infusion of Rosemary and Marigold oil to be us ed as lotion is effective as mosquito repellent. From the overall average it got a satisfactory rate as to its effectiveness. The statements above are the bases of recommending the following suggestions 1. Other plants that display the same characteristics of Marigold and Rosemary might also be tested. 2. A comparative test shall be used to distinguish its effects from the commercial products, 3. Laboratory test shall be conducted to accurately determine its potentials. 4. Propagation of marigold and Rosemary shall be considered.